Low cost paper electrodes and the role of oxygen functionalities and edge-plane sites towards trolox sensing

Sonia, J.; Zanhal, G.K. Muhammed; Prasad, K. Sudhakara

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2020.105164

Cited by 18 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…As can be observed from Figure A, the modified and unmodified electrodes exhibited Δ E p greater than 60 mV, and also the I pa / I pc ratios were different from unity, indicating a quasi-reversible electrochemical process. In general, Randles–Ševćik equation for the quasi-reversible electrochemical reaction is used for the determination of the electroactive surface area ( A real ). , The electroactive surface area, A real can be calculated from the following equation. where “ I p,f ” is the voltammetric current using the forward peak of the electrochemical process, “ n ” is the number of electrons in the electrochemical reaction, “ F ” is the Faraday constant (C mol –1 ), “ A real ” is the electroactive area of the electrode (cm 2 ), D is the diffusion coefficient of [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 (cm 2 s –1 ), “ν” is the applied voltammetric scan rate (V s –1 ), “ R ” is the universal gas constant, and “ T ” is the temperature in kelvin. The A real values were calculated to be 0.0193, 0.0351, 0.0314, 0.0394, and 0.0672 cm 2 , respectively, for PPE, PPE-AuNp, PPE-AuNp-GSH-Ab, PPE-AuNp-GSH-Ab-BSA-Ag, and PPE-AuNp-GSH-Ab-BSA-Ag-CNT-Ab.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SEM has been employed to visualize the differences in the PPE surface before and after antibody immobilization. In our previous work, we showed that the SEM image of the unmodified working electrode surface exhibited flakes of graphite sheets, 28 while the gold nanoparticle and GSH-modified electrodes displayed, to a smaller extent, flakes and porosity (Figure 1A). Following the incubation with mAb against LipL32, the surface was less porous and covered with cloudy clusters representing the antibody (marked in red arrows, Figure 1C), indicating the successful immobilization of the antibody onto the electrode surface.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…In-house photolithography and punching technique was utilized for the fabrication of the disposable PPE as previously described by our group . Briefly, the photolithography technique was used to fabricate electrodes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In-house photolithography and punching technique was utilized for the fabrication of the disposable PPE as previously described by our group. 28 Briefly, the photolithography technique was used to fabricate electrodes. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic barriers for the three electrode patterns were first made using SU-8 as the photoresist with a suitable photo mask.…”

Section: ■ Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, Randles− S ̌evcík equation for the quasi-reversible electrochemical reaction is used for the determination of the electroactive surface area (A real ). 28,35 The electroactive surface area, A real can be calculated from the following equation.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Au Nanoparticle-Based Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Leptospirosis in Clinical Samples

Kannan

Sonia

Shim

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease causing major health problems in tropical areas. A point-of-care test that is accurate for early diagnosis of leptospirosis is, thus, imperative and the need of the hour. Herein, we demonstrate the development of a disposable immunosensor based on gold nanoparticle (AuNp)-modified paper electrodes (PPEs) with carbon nanotube-labeled monoclonal anti-LipL32 (e-LipL32) for simple, rapid, and sensitive determination of Leptospira in clinical samples. The immunosensor was constructed on AuNp-decorated PPEs immobilized with self-assembled monolayers of glutathione for the incorporation of monoclonal antibodies specific to the leptospiral major outer membrane protein, LipL32. The e-LipL32 sensor was further characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques for demonstrating the robust formation of the sensor. The sensor exhibited a wide linear range up to 1 μg/mL with an unprecedented low limit of detection of 348 fg/mL compared to the reported leptospirosis sensors to date. The sensor displayed acceptable precision, reproducibility, and long-term stability for LipL32 detection. Further, e-LipL32 was validated with 20 patient samples suspected of leptospirosis, including other febrile illnesses along with the gold standard macroscopic agglutination test, culture, IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IgM spot test. Based on the boxplot analysis of 20 patient samples, an average peak current above 9.8 μA was classified as positive for leptospirosis. Compared to commercial diagnostic tools, our sensor provides rapid results and offers an alternative, specific, and sensitive method for early diagnosis of leptospirosis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Au Nanoparticle-Based Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Leptospirosis in Clinical Samples

Kannan

Sonia

Shim

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Plant‐Based Structures as an Opportunity to Engineer Optical Functions in Next‐Generation Light Management

et al. 2021

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This review addresses the reconstruction of structural plant components (cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses) into materials displaying advanced optical properties. The strategies to isolate the main building blocks are discussed, and the effects of fibrillation, fibril alignment, densification, self‐assembly, surface‐patterning, and compositing are presented considering their role in engineering optical performance. Then, key elements that enable lignocellulosic to be translated into materials that present optical functionality, such as transparency, haze, reflectance, UV‐blocking, luminescence, and structural colors, are described. Mapping the optical landscape that is accessible from lignocellulosics is shown as an essential step toward their utilization in smart devices. Advanced materials built from sustainable resources, including those obtained from industrial or agricultural side streams, demonstrate enormous promise in optoelectronics due to their potentially lower cost, while meeting or even exceeding current demands in performance. The requirements are summarized for the production and application of plant‐based optically functional materials in different smart material applications and the review is concluded with a perspective about this active field of knowledge.

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Foldable RF Energy Harvesting System Based on Vertically Layered Metal Electrodes within a Single Sheet of Paper

Park

Chang

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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deep sea, underground, chemical plants, environmental disasters areas, and agricultural farmland. [7] Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) has emerged as a promising option for powering IoTbased devices due to the broad availability of radio frequency (RF) signals, which, despite their relatively low energy density, are accessible in places where other energy sources such as solar and thermal energy are unavailable or limited. [8][9][10] However, conventional RFEH systems have limitations in terms of their cost, size, weight, and foldability. As a result, many studies have attempted to combine novel fabrication methods and ambient RFEH to produce low-cost, light, small, and foldable power supply systems. [11][12][13][14] Cellulose paper is a promising substrate for the fabrication of RFEH systems that satisfy these requirements. Paper has recently gained significant attention as a component of electronics due to its abundance, disposability, recyclability, biocompatibility, light weight, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility. [15][16][17] Based on these advantages, paper or paper-like substrates have been utilized in a variety of applications ranging from basic electronic units to complicated electronic devices such as supercapacitors (SCs), [18,19] light-emitting diodes (LEDs), [20] transistors, [21] biofuel cells, [22] RF antenna, [23] and sensors. [24] However, it remains difficult to employ conventional methods for the fabrication of paper-based electronics in the development of integrated foldable RFEH systems that incorporate an RF antenna, RF/direct current (DC) rectifier, and energy storage unit. The main reason for this is the limitations associated with paper when seeking to fabricate a stable electrode due to its high porosity, hygroscopy, and surface roughness. [15] In general, the porosity and surface roughness of a substrate are important properties affecting the quality of a fabricated electrode because they can affect ink or particle penetration continuity and disrupt conductive paths if they are too high. [25] As a result, the roughness and porosity of paper substrates for electronic applications need to be reduced. [26,27] In particular, because RF electronics require a more stable and homogeneous substrate and higher conductivity than DC components, [28,29] untreated paper is generally not suitable for RF electronics. In addition, the hygroscopic nature of conventional paper hinders the complicated patterning required for RF electronics, such as the fabrication of uniform micro-sized lines, vias, and conductive patterning on both sides of paper. Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) systems have emerged as a critical component for powering devices and replacing traditional batteries, with paper being one of the most promising substrates for use in flexible RFEH systems. However, previous paper-based electronics with optimized porosity, surface roughness, and hygroscopicity still face limitations in terms of the development of integrated foldable RFEH systems within a single sheet of paper....

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Low cost paper electrodes and the role of oxygen functionalities and edge-plane sites towards trolox sensing

Cited by 18 publications

References 60 publications

Au Nanoparticle-Based Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Leptospirosis in Clinical Samples

Au Nanoparticle-Based Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Leptospirosis in Clinical Samples

Plant‐Based Structures as an Opportunity to Engineer Optical Functions in Next‐Generation Light Management

Foldable RF Energy Harvesting System Based on Vertically Layered Metal Electrodes within a Single Sheet of Paper

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