Low-cost laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1602–1607)

Abstract

The aromatic character of porphyrins, which has significant chemical and biological consequences, can be substantially altered by judicious modifications of the parent ring system. Expansion of the macrocycle, which is achieved by introducing additional subunits, usually increases the so‐called free curvature of the ring, leading to larger angular strain. This strain is reduced by a variety of conformational changes, most notably by subunit inversion and π surface twisting. The latter effect creates a particularly convenient access to Möbius aromatic molecules, whose properties, predicted over 40 years ago, are of considerable theoretical importance. The conformational processes occurring in porphyrin analogues are often coupled to other chemical phenomena, and can thus be exploited as a means of constructing functional molecular devices. In this Review, the structural chemistry of porphyrinoids is discussed in the context of their conformational dynamics and π‐electron conjugation

Expanding Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Rural Mongolia

“…Reliance on international support for these commodities limited the number of cases performed. Such limitations could be alleviated with better in-country sources of medical supply or substituting more cost-efficient replacement technology such as laparoscopic ligatures similar to those used in India [11].…”

Harmonic scalpel versus monopolar electrocauterization in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

“…We performed a comparative, prospective evaluation of the two techniques with respect to their effect on operative outcomes following cholecystectomy [4] . Our research involved selection of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy followed by comparison and evaluation based on different criteria such as surgical time, intraoperative and postoperative complications, amount of blood loss and length of hospital stay [5,6] . The results showed no statistically significant difference between harmonic scalpel versus monopolar electrocauterization in terms of operative outcomes for laparoscopic cholecystectomy [7] .…”