Low-Cost Foods and Drugs Using Immobilized Enzymes on Biopolymers

Review Article: Immobilized Molecules Using Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology

“…Immobilization provides a physical support for enzymes, cells and other molecules. Immobilization of enzymes is one of the main methods used to stabilize free enzymes [7,8]. The support material and the main methods of immobilization are key parameters in enzyme immobilization.…”

“…However, expensive enzymes are not favored to be used in industries in the Free State as they are difficult to be separated from the products (Figure 1(a)) and consequently are lost after the first use. They were alternatively immobilized on solid supports (Figure 1(b)) so that they can be easily separated from the products by simple filtration or using a fluidized magnetized bed reactor system [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…Penicillins are the most widely used β-lactam antibiotics, with a share of about 19 % of the estimated world-wide antibiotic market (Table 3) [8,27].…”

Characteristics of Immobilized Urease on Grafted Alginate Bead Systems

“…The Line-Weaver-Burk plot (double reciprocal) method was used to obtain the Michaelis-Menten kinetic models adequate for the description of the hydrolysis of urea by the free and the immobilized enzyme, apparent K m and (Elnashar 2010).…”

“…However, the immobilized enzyme showed a higher relative activity of 69% as compared to 51% for the free enzyme by increasing the pH to 9.0 as shown in Figure 2. The shift to more basic optimal pH upon immobilized could be explained as a result of the diffiusional constraint of the support retaining a higher concentration of enzyme product, ammonia, in the vicinity of the pore space of the support that adsorbed enzyme present (Elnashar 2010). Thus, the microenvironment around the enzyme was more basic than that of the bulk solution.…”