Low-cost and high safe manganese-based aqueous battery for grid energy storage and conversion

Roadmap for advanced aqueous batteries: From design of materials to applications

“…With regard to safety and low-cost, the salt-in-water electrolyte, earthabundant raw material resources, easy manufacturing, and high energy/power density of the electrolytic Zn-Mn batteries, the commercialization progress is on the way. Other types of electrolytic batteries such as Cu-Mn, Bi-Mn, and Zn-I have also been reported by Zhi and co-workers (117), Xia and co-workers (118), and Ji and co-workers (115), respectively. It is still of particular interest to introduce more promising solid/solution redox pairs with electrolysis mechanism to practical applications.…”

Opportunities of Aqueous Manganese‐Based Batteries with Deposition and Stripping Chemistry

“…[ 76 ] Although the Mn 2+ /MnO 2 chemistry has been studied previously, [ 137–140 ] it is more related to the mechanism of MnO 2 electrodeposition, and it has not yet been deployed in the battery field due to unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. Since then researchers from all over the world have applied this emerging Mn 2+ /MnO 2 storage mechanism to a variety of Mn‐based batteries including MnO 2 ‐Zn, [ 77,79 ] MnO 2 ‐Cu, [ 80,81 ] MnO 2 ‐Bi, [ 141 ] MnO 2 ‐Pb, [ 83 ] and MnO 2 ‐carbon [ 82 ] and achieved unprecedented electrochemical performance, as shown in the chronological development of Mn‐based batteries (Figure 3a). Figure 3b shows a summary of the redox reactions and electrochemical potentials of the cathode Mn 2+ /MnO 2 and different anodes which it can be paired with.…”

“…Using a new full cell chemistry of manganese dioxide‐hydrogen gas (MnO 2 ‐H 2 ) battery as an example, it achieved high cathode specific capacity and ultrastable cycling performance (10 000 cycles). This study evoked significant research interest in the exploration of the cathode Mn 2+ /MnO 2 deposition/stripping chemistry to combine with a variety of anode chemistries, creating different Mn‐based batteries such as MnO 2 ‐Zn, [ 77–79 ] MnO 2 ‐Cu, [ 80,81 ] MnO 2 ‐Carbon, [ 82 ] and MnO 2 ‐Pb, [ 83 ] to name a few, with superb electrochemical performance. Although the development of the Mn 2+ /MnO 2 deposition/stripping chemistry is at its early stage, it presents great opportunities for the design of high‐performance Mn‐based batteries for practical large‐scale energy storage applications.…”

A High‐Energy Aqueous Manganese–Metal Hydride Hybrid Battery

“…[19] Therefore, the effective use of MnO 2 electrodes with a two-electron reaction (Mn 4+ /Mn 2+ ) and good cycling stability is highly desired. Recently, a new concept of an aqueous manganese-hydrogen (Mn-H) battery, which works by a deposition-dissolution reaction between Mn 2+ solution and solid MnO 2 at the cathode side and the hydrogen evolution/oxidation reaction at the anode side, has been proposed and demonstrated by Cui and co-workers [24] Inspired by this multielectron manganese chemistry, a series of aqueous battery technologies, such as electrolytic MnO 2 -Zn, [25,26] MnO 2 -Cu, [27][28][29] and MnO 2 -Bi batteries, [28] have been developed by pairing the Mn-based cathode and different anodes based on redox reactions of metal deposition/dissolution. Of these, the use of a Zn anode is particularly intriguing, due to the merits of highly reversible zinc deposition/dissolution and a much lower standard electrode potential of −0.76 V versus standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) than those of Bi and Cu.…”

“…On the basis of the total mass of hydrogen storage alloy and 5.5 m MnCl 2 aqueous solution, the as-assembled Mn-MH battery can achieve an impressive gravimetric energy density of about 240 Wh kg −1 , which is much higher than that of most reported aqueous rechargeable batteries, including aqueous Li-ion batteries (100-130 Wh kg −1 ), [40,41] aqueous Na-ion batteries (≈78 Wh kg −1 ), [42] aqueous Zn-MnO 2 batteries (150-170 Wh kg −1 ), [16,43,44] aqueous K-ion batteries, [12] and other typical aqueous batteries (Figure 6c and Table S3, Supporting Information). [3,13,27,30,[45][46][47][48] Furthermore, the volumetric energy density of the as-assembled Mn-MH battery can reach about 557 Wh L −1 , which is superior to that of lead-acid batteries (80-90 Wh L −1 ), [3] Ni-MH batteries (509 Wh L −1 ), [4] Mn-H battery (263 Wh L −1 ), [24] and vanadium redox flow battery (50 Wh L −1 ). [49] This single Mn-MH cell can drive a small electric motor and power more than 100 commercial yellow light-emitting diodes (LED) at a high working voltage of 2.0 V (Figure 6d), demonstrating its great potential for practical application.…”