Low concordance of oral and genital HPV infection among male patients with sexually transmitted infections in Vietnam

Abstract

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cancers in men, including penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence, the genotypes, and the risk factors of HPV infections in the oral cavity, compared to those in the genitals, among males diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Vietnam. Methods Oral, urinary, penile, and urethral samples were collected from 198 male Vietnamese patients with STIs (median age 31.0 years, range 17–68). HPV DNA was isolated and amplified with PCR, with modified and/or original GP5 + /GP6 + primers. Samples were genotyped with a gene array assay and/or population sequencing. Results HPV DNA was detected in 69 (34.8%) of 198 patients. Of these, 16 patients (8.1%) had infections in the oral cavity and 58 (29.3%) had infections in the genitals (4.5% in the urine, 25.8% in the penis, and 8.1% in the urethra). The concordance of HPV infections between the oral cavity and the genitals was poor (kappa = 0.01). Of the 16 patients with oral HPV DNA, 11 (68.8%) had no HPV DNA in the genitals. In the remaining five patients, HPV DNA was found at both sites, but only one showed similar strains at both sites. In the other four patients, the HPV genotypes were completely discordant between these sites. HPV18 was the most common high-risk HPV genotype in both oral (9/16, 56.3%) and genital (10/58, 17.2%) sites. Multivariable analyses showed that older age (OR 1.05), higher education (OR 2.17), and no knowledge of STIs (OR 4.21) were independent risk factors for genital HPV infections; in contrast, only older age (OR 1.05) was an independent risk factor for oral HPV infections. Conclusions The low concordance of HPV genotypes between oral and genital infection sites suggested that the acquisition, persistence, and/or clearance of HPV infections were different between these sites. Although HPV DNA was detected significantly less frequently in oral samples than in genital samples, oral samples should also be used for HPV screening in men. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4175-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Anal human papillomavirus prevalence and risk factors among men who have sex with men in Vietnam

“…The prevalence of high-risk anal HPV infection observed in this survey of MSM is comparable to the prevalence rates reported previously in Vietnam (Le et al, 2019, Vu et al, 2013, although we did find higher high-risk anal HPV infections in HCMC than in Hanoi. Higher HPV prevalence was also observed in a previous study of male sex worker where the prevalence was highest in Ho Chi Minh City (59%), followed by Hanoi (19%) and Nha Trang (6%) (Vu et al, 2013).…”

Acceptance and Willingness to Pay for Vaccine Against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Among Parents of Boys in Central Vietnam

“…Information about HPV infection in men was still limited. However, current reports showed that prevalent rate of HPV infection was 25% among male patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and was 23 to 79.6% among patients with penile cancer ( 18 , 19 ). In 2008, the Ministry of Health approved two types of HPV vaccines including Cervarix and Gardasil with the purpose of preventing cervical cancer for girls and young women.…”

Current Updates on Cancer-Causing Types of Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) in East, Southeast, and South Asia

“…Example of used swabs/brushes include iCleanhcy flocked swabs (Huachenyang Corporation, Shenzhen, China), FLOQSwab R100 and FLOQSwab U80 (Copan Diagnostics Inc., Murrieta, CA, USA) [ 115 , 116 ], and Dacron ® polyester swabs [ 117 ]. Samples can be preserved in transport media like phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) [ 118 ], PreservCyt solution (Hologic Corporation, Marlborough, MA, USA) [ 116 , 119 ], LiquiPrep preservation solution (LGM International Inc., Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA) [ 115 ], and Specimen Transport Medium (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) [ 117 ]. For the detection of HPV DNA in the head and neck (HNC) region, oral swabs and rinse are commonly kept in saline [ 120 ].…”

“…Commercial kits run on different detection platforms, including the real-time PCR (AmoyDx ® Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Detection Kit from Amoy Diagnostics, Xiamen, China) [ 174 ], gene chip systems (HPV GenoArray Diagnostic Kit from Hybribrio, Chauzhou, China) [ 115 , 156 ], flow cytometric assays (HPV OncoTect ® E6, E7 mRNA Kit, incellDx, CA, USA) [ 176 ], PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay [ 53 ], microplate colorimetric hybridization assay (MCHA) [ 115 , 179 ], GenoFlow HPV Array Test Kit (DiagCor Bioscience, Hong Kong) [ 54 ], and Anyplex II HPV28 Detection Kit (Seegene, Seoul, Korea) have been used [ 157 ].…”

“…These studies, respectively, utilised high-throughput RBD and a multiplex serology assay for HPV genotype discrimination. On the other hand, Sanger sequencing [ 115 ], in-house nested-PCR [ 52 ], and fluorescence-based PCR-hybridization array [ 103 ] have also been used. A recent study suggested the feasibility of using nanotechnology to detect HPV DNA.…”