Low‐complexity GNSS anti‐spoofing technique based on Doppler frequency difference monitoring

Global navigation satellite system spoofing‐detection technique based on the Doppler ripple caused by vertical reciprocating motion

“…Fig. 14 b depicts the DFD measurement as a spoofing‐detection indicator [14] including three different situations, namely the authentic, the single‐antenna spoofing and the dual‐antenna spoofing. Only four signals are chosen and processed for brevity and comparability among different situations.…”

“…Only four signals are chosen and processed for brevity and comparability among different situations. Just as [14] points out, the DFD measurement between signals is not linear in authentic scenarios, while the DFD is basically linear in the single‐antenna spoofing scenarios. However, the DFD measurement in dual‐antenna spoofing experiment behaves much more similar to the authentic situation than the single‐antenna spoofing ones.…”

“…Many previous works presume that the spatial diversity, which characterises the authentic GNSS signal, is absent in the spoofing signal [11–14]. In other words, they assume that the spoofing signal is transmitted from one spoofing antenna.…”

“…Another method deploys a rotating platform with a tilted receiving antenna to check if the signal amplitude variations are correlated or not [13]. The spoofing‐detection method in [14] utilises the Doppler frequency difference (DFD) measurement on a rapidly moving receiver, which is usually non‐linear in the non‐spoofing environment, and becomes linear when there are spoofing signals.…”

Prediction‐discrepancy based on innovative particle filter for estimating UAV true position in the presence of the GPS spoofing attacks

“…The GPS spoofing detection is mainly considered from signal, physical and system aspects. The signal and physical points of view are stated in [10, 11], and system point of view is mentioned in [12].…”