“…Let (x0, y0), (x1, y1), ..., (xn, yn) be the given data points, where π₯ π₯ or i = 0, 1, ..., n β 1. Our objective is to find a function S(x) that passes through all the data points and possesses continuous first and second derivatives [31]. To achieve this, we first define a set of cubic polynomials Si(x) on each interval [π₯ , π₯ ] The cubic spline method [27] was utilized to fit the laser-scribing datasets.…”