Low Cholesterol and Noncardiovascular Mortality

Abbott, C.A.; Meadows, Andrew B.; Lier, Kevin

doi:10.1093/milmed/165.6.466

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A study reported that increased cholesterol levels were associated with a high CVD risk among young adults [ 73 ]. However, recently some studies found that total cholesterol had protective qualities for some non-cardiovascular conditions and hemorrhagic stroke [ 74 , 75 ], especially among the old-aged [ 76 ]. Higher total cholesterol was associated with a decrease in mortality among people over 85 years old.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Total Cholesterol Concentration May Be Associated with Better Cognitive Performance among Elderly Females

et al. 2022

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Background: The brain contains the highest level of cholesterol in the body, and the total amount of serum cholesterol in the blood has a huge impact on brain aging and cognitive performance. However, the association of total serum cholesterol with cognitive function remains uncertain. This study determines whether there is an association between the total amount of cholesterol in the blood and cognitive performance in elderly females without a history of stroke. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on elderly (over 60 years old) females and males without a history of stroke from 2011 to 2014 in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The primary exposure was total blood cholesterol, and the main outcome was cognitive performance; this association was assessed with logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic splines. Results: 1309 female and 1272 male participants were included. In females, higher total cholesterol was significantly associated with higher cognitive scores, particularly in the digit symbol substitution test (OR 0.51, 95% CI (0.36–0.72)) and the animal fluency test (OR 0.64, 95% CI (0.45–0.91)). This association remained significant in models adjusted for age, race, smoking status, education level, and chronic conditions (OR 0.40, 95% CI (0.25–0.63)). This association was not significant in males, however. Conclusions: A higher concentration of total cholesterol measured in later life may be a protective factor for cognitive performance among females over 60 years old without a history of stroke. Further, this association was more pronounced among women with higher levels of education than women with lower or no education.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Total Cholesterol Concentration May Be Associated with Better Cognitive Performance among Elderly Females

et al. 2022

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“…A previous study has shown that the high cholesterol-facilitated vasoconstriction response and the vascular reactivity to NA in various studies were different (25). The effects of exercise on cholesterol metabolism have been studied for years, although there were certain differences in the results due to the difference in exercise types, exercise intensity, research objective and the methods (26). A large number of epidemiological and experimental studies found that long-term regular exercise improved their poor lipid structures effectively, so that the risk of cardiovascular disease was significantly reduced (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of thoracic aortic vasoreactivity by continuous and intermittent exercise in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

Liu

Yang

et al. 2015

Biomedical Reports

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Abstract. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of continuous and intermittent exercise on the thoracic aortic vasoreactivity and free radical metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HD). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=8, each group): Conventional diet (CD), HD, HD with continuous exercise (HCE) and HD with intermittent exercise (HIE). HCE rats swam once/day for 90 min; HIE rats performed swimming exercises 3 times/day, 30 min each time with an interval of 4 h. In these two groups, the exercise was conducted 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Rats in the CD and HD groups were fed without swimming training. At the end of the exercise, all the rats were sacrificed and the blood, thoracic aorta and myocardium were collected immediately. The thoracic aortic vasoreactivity, the plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression were measured. Compared to the control group, in the HD group the enhanced contractile response of the thoracic aortic rings to noradrenaline (NA) was observed (P<0.01). The levels of TC and LDL (P<0.01) were also increased in serum while the HDL level was reduced without statistical significance. In addition, the MDA content was upregulated in the myocardium, but the SOD level decreased (P<0.01). Furthermore, the expression of vascular eNOS mRNA was reduced (P<0.01). However, following the exercise the contraction of the thoracic aorta vascular rings to NA was reduced in the HCE and HIE groups (P<0.01), and the decreased contractile response was more evident in the HIE group compared to the HCE group (P<0.01). Additionally, in the HCE group the level of TG (P<0.01) was decreased, while the HDL (P<0.01) level was increased. Although the reduction of the TC and LDL level was also observed there was no significant difference compared to the HD group. In the HIE group, the TG, TC and LDL were downregulated while the HDL was enhanced (P<0.01). The TC and LDL levels were decreased more than those of the HCE group; however, there was no significant difference in the TG and HDL levels between these two groups; additionally, in these two exercise groups, the MDA level was decreased in the myocardium (P<0.01) while the SOD level was increased (P<0.01). Furthermore, the expression of eNOS was upregulated (P<0.01), but the increase was much more in the HIE group than that in the HCE group. In conclusion, exercise may attenuate the aggravated contraction induced by NA and improve the activity of the thoracic aorta in obese rats, which may be associated with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced free radical generating. Additionally, intermittent exercise is better than the continuous exercise in improving the thoracic aorta vasoreactivity.

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“…The HD lead to changes in lipid metabolism, including increased levels of serum TC, TG and LDL, and a decreased HDL level, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease such as arterial injury (21). Effects of aerobic exercise on high cholesterol metabolism have been investigated for numerous years, although they have certain differences in the results due to the different sport modes, intensity, research subjects and methods (33), a large number of clinical studies have found that long-term regular aerobic exercise can effectively improve the poor structure so that the risk of cardiovascular disease is significantly reduced (34). Simultaneously, aerobic exercise can improve lipid metabolism in the CD, particularly intermittent exercises.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent exercise improves the vasoreactivity of the thoracic aorta in rats

Luo

et al. 2016

Biomedical Reports

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Abstract. Vasoreactivity is the most basic and direct indicator to reflect the artery vascular functional state in the body. The majority of previous studies have shown that a high-fat diet (HD) is often associated with a variety of cardiovascular diseases. However, the type of exercise that improves vasoreactivity, as is induced by a HD, remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the effects of aerobic moderate-intensity intermittent exercise through swimming were investigated on thoracic aorta vascular ring contraction and free radical metabolism using Sprague-Dawley rat models of common diet (CD; 23 g protein, 49 g carbohydrate, 4 g fat, 5 g fiber, 7 g bone meal and 6 g vitamins per 100 g), HD (peanuts, milk chocolate and sweet biscuits, in a weight ratio of 3:2:2:1), CD with intermittent exercise (CIE) and HD with intermittent exercise (HIE). The food utilization rate in the swimming group (CIE) decreased in comparison with the CD group. Lee's index in the CIE group decreased in comparison to that of CD after 8 weeks (P<0.05) and also HIE decreased compared to HD (P<0.05) after 8 weeks. Compared with the HD group, contractile response of the thoracic aortic rings to NA decreased in the HIE group, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content increased, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (P<0.05); the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration reduced in the myocardium, but the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level improved (P<0.05). In the HIE group, nitric oxide level was similar to the CD group. Compared with CD, contractile response of the thoracic aortic rings to NA increased in the CIE (P<0.05), the MDA concentration reduced in the myocardium, but the SOD level improved (P<0.05). Tunica media smooth muscle of the thoracic aortic rings in the CIE group arranged more regularly in comparison with the CD group (without swimming training). In conclusion, intermittent exercise improves the thoracic aorta vasoreactivity and function by enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced free radical generating. IntroductionAs living standards improve, high-fat diet-induced obesity has become a common phenomenon (1). Obesity is often associated with a variety of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (2-10). Vasoreactivity is the most basic and direct indicator of reflecting artery vascular function state, which has become an important indicator of cardiovascular disease (11). Studies have found that a high-fat diet (HD) and lack of exercise training are the most important factors in the development of obesity. Therefore, exercise training can control obesity and cardiovascular disease, and it has become a research focus. However, the exercise intensity, duration and different diets will produce different effects on metabolic activity (12). Long-term aerobic exercise could markedly improve the abnormal hemorheological property and the oxidative stress in rats with hypercholesterolemia (13). Inadequate nutri...

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Low Cholesterol and Noncardiovascular Mortality

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Higher Total Cholesterol Concentration May Be Associated with Better Cognitive Performance among Elderly Females

Higher Total Cholesterol Concentration May Be Associated with Better Cognitive Performance among Elderly Females

Improvement of thoracic aortic vasoreactivity by continuous and intermittent exercise in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

Intermittent exercise improves the vasoreactivity of the thoracic aorta in rats

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