Low-Carbohydrate-Diet Score and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women

Halton, Thomas L; Willett, Walter C.; Liu, Simin; Manson, JoAnn E.; Chen, Albert; Rexrode, Kathryn M.; Hu, Frank B.

doi:10.1056/nejmoa055317

Cited by 413 publications

(405 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This is important, since heart disease is the number one cause of death among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Indeed, a recent study found that a low-carbohydrate diet when combined with plant-based proteins and fats is associated with a reduced risk for heart disease, albeit in women [34]. It remains to be seen whether similar results would be observed in men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Carbohydrate restriction, prostate cancer growth, and the insulin‐like growth factor axis

Freedland

Mavropoulos

Wang³

et al. 2007

The Prostate

152

134

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BACKGROUND. Recent evidence suggests carbohydrate intake may influence prostate cancer biology. We tested whether a no-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (NCKD) would delay prostate cancer growth relative to Western and low-fat diets in a xenograft model. METHODS. Seventy-five male SCID mice were fed a NCKD (84% fat-0% carbohydrate-16% protein kcal), low-fat (12% fat-72% carbohydrate-16% protein kcal), or Western diet (40% fat-44% carbohydrate-16% protein kcal). Low-fat mice were fed ad libitum and the other arms fed via a modified-paired feeding protocol. After 24 days, all mice were injected with LAPC-4 cells and sacrificed when tumors approached 1,000 mm 3 . RESULTS. Despite consuming equal calories, NCKD-fed mice lost weight (up to 15% body weight) relative to low-fat and Western diet-fed mice and required additional kcal to equalize body weight. Fifty-one days after injection, NCKD mice tumor volumes were 33% smaller than Western mice (rank-sum, P ¼ 0.009). There were no differences in tumor volume between low-fat and NCKD mice. Dietary treatment was significantly associated with survival (log-rank, P ¼ 0.006), with the longest survival among the NCKD mice, followed by the low-fat mice. Serum IGFBP-3 was highest and IGF-1:IGFBP-3 ratio was lowest among NCKD mice while serum insulin and IGF-1 levels were highest in Western mice. NCKD mice had significantly decreased hepatic fatty infiltration relative to the other arms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Carbohydrate restriction, prostate cancer growth, and the insulin‐like growth factor axis

Freedland

Mavropoulos

Wang³

et al. 2007

The Prostate

152

134

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…First, it is well established that smoking confounds the association between diet and CVD. Thus, all studies reviewed adjusted for smoking in their analysis [35,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97] and showed that the effect of diet is attenuated when smoking is considered [73,91]. However, as discussed, smoking may interact with diet and modify the effect of diet on CVD, which has been an increasing focus of more recent studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One cross-sectional study [64] and 17 prospective studies [35,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] in the United States and Europe have evaluated the interrelationships of smoking status and a broad range of diet quality indices with CVD. The Study of Health in Pomerania examined the cross-sectional association between lifestyle factors and carotid atherosclerosis among men and women [64].…”

Section: Associations Of a Priori Dietary Patterns And Smoking Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prospective studies are better able to show clear associations between exposures and disease, and many studies have prospectively examined the effect of smoking status on the relationship between diet quality indices and CAD, stroke, heart failure, total CVD, and cardiovascular mortality [35,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] (Table 1). No statistically significant interactions were reported in any of the studies that tested for interactions [35, 65-67, 69-73, 75-78, 80].…”

Section: Associations Of a Priori Dietary Patterns And Smoking Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, while smoking can occur as part of an overall lifestyle pattern, smoking also can confound diet-CVD relationships. Five studies thus conducted stratified analyses despite the nonsignificant interactions [67,[69][70][71]73] and two studies stratified analyses based on a priori hypotheses [68,80]. In the Nurses' Health Study, a higher Alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED) score (higher in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fat, lower in red and processed meats, and moderate in alcohol) conferred lower risk for CAD in all women than a lower score (relative risk (RR) 0.71; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.82), a finding that was attenuated and became insignificant in current smokers (RR 0.81; 95 % CI 0.56-1.77).…”

Section: Associations Of a Priori Dietary Patterns And Smoking Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary Patterns, Smoking, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Complex Association

Kimokoti

Newby

2013

Curr Nutr Rep

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Diet and cigarette smoking are key determinants of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The associations of some nutrients/foods with CVD are unclear, however, and the dietary pattern approach may better inform the relationships. Furthermore, diet and smoking often occur together as part of lifestyle patterns. In this article, studies that evaluated the associations of dietary patterns and smoking status with CVD as well as relationships between lifestyle patterns and CVD were reviewed. Evidence supports the protective role of plant-based dietary patterns for coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiovascular mortality among nonsmokers and smokers. The interrelationships of dietary patterns and smoking status on subclinical CVD, stroke, hypertension, heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease are inconclusive. Dietary patterns high in refined grains, meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages are harmful, especially for smokers. A healthy lifestyle protects against CAD, hypertension, and cardiovascular mortality, and probably stroke. More prospective studies in diverse populations would be beneficial.

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Effect of a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented With Nuts on Metabolic Syndrome Status

Salas‐Salvadó¹,

Fernández-Ballart²,

Ros³

et al. 2008

Arch Intern Med

408

252

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Background: Epidemiological studies suggest that the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) may reduce the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We compared the 1-year effect of 2 behavioral interventions to implement the MedDiet vs advice on a low-fat diet on MetS status.Methods: A total of 1224 participants were recruited from the PREDIMED (Prevenció n con Dieta Mediterránea) Study, a multicenter, 3-arm, randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of the MedDiet on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Participants were older subjects at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Interventions were quarterly education about the MedDiet plus provision of either 1 L/wk of virgin olive oil (MedDiet ϩ VOO) or 30 g/d of mixed nuts (MedDietϩ nuts), and advice on a low-fat diet (control diet). All diets were ad libitum, and there was no increase in physical activity for any of the interventions. Lifestyle variables and MetS features as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were assessed.Results: At baseline, 61.4% of participants met criteria for the MetS. One-year prevalence was reduced by 6.7%, 13.7%, and 2.0% in the MedDiet ϩ VOO, MedDietϩ nuts, and control diet groups, respectively (MedDiet ϩ nuts vs control groups, P = .01; MedDiet ϩ VOO vs control group, P =.18). Incident rates of the MetS were not significantly different among groups (22.9%, 17.9%, and 23.4%, respectively). After adjustment for sex, age, baseline obesity status, and weight changes, the odds ratios for reversion of MetS were 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.8-2.1) for the MedDietϩVOO group and 1.7 (1.1-2.6) for the MedDietϩnuts group compared with the control diet group. Conclusion:A traditional MedDiet enriched with nuts could be a useful tool in the management of the MetS.

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Low-Carbohydrate-Diet Score and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women

Abstract: Our findings suggest that diets lower in carbohydrate and higher in protein and fat are not associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease in women. When vegetable sources of fat and protein are chosen, these diets may moderately reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.

Cited by 413 publications

References 24 publications

Carbohydrate restriction, prostate cancer growth, and the insulin‐like growth factor axis

Carbohydrate restriction, prostate cancer growth, and the insulin‐like growth factor axis

Dietary Patterns, Smoking, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Complex Association

Effect of a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented With Nuts on Metabolic Syndrome Status

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