Low‐Bandgap Porphyrins for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells: Materials, Morphology, and Applications

Abstract

With developments in materials, thin-film processing, fine-tuning of morphology, and optimization of device fabrication, the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) has improved markedly in recent years. Designing low-bandgap materials has been a focus in order to maximize solar energy conversion. However, there are only a few successful low-bandgap donor materials developed with nearinfrared (NIR) absorption that are well-matched to the existing efficient acceptors. Porphyrin has shown great potential as a useful building block for constructing low-

Recent progress on all‐small molecule organic solar cells using small‐molecule nonfullerene acceptors

“…Most porphyrin‐based donors show strong and efficient absorption ability in the NIR range, which is of great importance to maximum utilize the solar energy. In our previous work, we have developed lots of porphyrin‐based SMDs with different backbone structures and demonstrated outstanding performance in organic and hybrid perovskite soar cells 100‐102 . The porphyrin‐based SMDs demonstrated high PCEs of 8% to 10% with high J sc s when blending with PCBM acceptors.…”

Characterization of optical manipulation using microlens arrays depending on the materials and sizes in organic photovoltaics

“…Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) are devices having an organic light absorption layer, which comprises a mixture of organic donor and acceptor, to absorb sunlight and convert it to electricity. Because more absorption is expected to generate more excitons and electrical current, synthesizing new donors and acceptors with high absorptivity such as 2-alkyl-benzo [d] [1,2,3] triazole (BTz) and IT-4F has been one of the main strategies to generate more electricity in the OPV eld for a long time. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Then, to further improve the light absorption inside the photoactive layer, ternary photoactive layers comprising a pair of two donors and one acceptor or one donor and two acceptors were suggested.…”

“…Because more absorption is expected to generate more excitons and electrical current, synthesizing new donors and acceptors with high absorptivity such as 2-alkyl-benzo [d] [1,2,3] triazole (BTz) and IT-4F has been one of the main strategies to generate more electricity in the OPV eld for a long time. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Then, to further improve the light absorption inside the photoactive layer, ternary photoactive layers comprising a pair of two donors and one acceptor or one donor and two acceptors were suggested. [9][10][11][12][13][14] The third species of photoactive materials widen the light absorption range to infrared or ultraviolet regions, leading to greater absorption in the photoactive layer.…”

Two Compatible Polymer Donors Enabling Ternary Organic Solar Cells with a Small Nonradiative Energy Loss and Broad Composition Tolerance

“…During the last decade, organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved significant progress via continuous advancements in material designing and device engineering. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The recent evolution of nonfullerene fused-ring electron acceptors (FREA) has boosted the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs to over 16%. [7][8][9][10] Among various systems of OSCs, including singlejunction binary, ternary, and tandem, [11][12][13][14][15][16] ternary OSCs that typically consist of either two donors and one acceptor (D1:D2:A) or one donor and two acceptors (D:A1:A2) have been proven to be a promising and simple method to further improve the PCE of OSCs by integrating the advantages of active layer materials.…”