Louse-borne relapsing fever among East African refugees in Europe

Antinori, Spinello; Mediannikov, Oleg; Corbellino, Mario; Raoult, Didier

doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.01.004

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In rural Ethiopia, B. quintana was found in 7% of head lice (e12) and Borrelia recurrentis (the causative agent of relapsing fever) in 23% (22). In the context of the large migrations currently occurring, relapsing fever has been diagnosed in African refugees (23). So far, however, it remains unclear what role may actually have been played by head lice in the transmission of these diseases, but they are regarded as unimportant compared to body lice since, because there are fewer of them, less saliva is transferred (5).…”

Section: Independent Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head Lice

Meister¹,

Ochsendorf²

2016

Deutsches Ärzteblatt International

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Section: Independent Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head Lice

Meister¹,

Ochsendorf²

2016

Deutsches Ärzteblatt International

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“…7 During the past few years due to massive immigration of refugees from Africa, cases of LBRF among refugees who had recently arrived in Europe have been reported. [8][9][10] The mean incubation time of LBRF is 7 days (range: 4-18). The hallmark of LBRF is two or more episodes of high fever, headaches, and myalgias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Report: Infectious Diseases in Pilgrims Visiting the Holy Land

Nitzan

Blum

Marva

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Every year Christian pilgrims from around the world visit the holy sites located around the Sea of Galilee. Some become ill during their stay with infectious diseases that were acquired in their country of origin, and are hospitalized at Poriya Medical Center. They pose a diagnostic challenge due to language barriers, the rarity of these infections in Israel, and the fact that diagnostic tests are not readily available. All patient records from 2015 of Holy Land tourists hospitalized at Poriya Medical Center were screened for the diagnosis of imported zoonotic diseases that are not commonly diagnosed in Israel. Three patients who were on a Holy Land tour were hospitalized during 2015 with laboratory-confirmed diagnostically challenging zoonotic infectious diseases: a 91-year-old priest from Ethiopia diagnosed with relapsing fever due to , an 85-year-old retired mountaineer from New Hampshire diagnosed with human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and a 57-year-old farmer from central Brazil diagnosed with leptospirosis. These case reports emphasize the importance of considering imported zoonotic infectious diseases and obtaining appropriate diagnostic tests when treating Holy Land travelers to Israel.

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“…In contrast, LBRF is geographically restricted to countries along the Horn of Africa, in particular Eritrea, Ethiopia, and South-Sudan (4). Despite its focal distribution, LBRF has the potential to dramatically re-emerge when sociodemographic factors such as war, famine, political turmoil, and precarious hygiene conditions in overcrowding camps change (7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Clinical signs of STBRF and LBRF appear abruptly between 2 and 18 days after infection with high fever, often accompanied by rigors, headache, chills, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and diarrhea (2,4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Evasion Strategies of Relapsing Fever Spirochetes

Röttgerding

Kraiczy

2020

Front. Immunol.

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Relapsing fever (RF) is claimed a neglected arthropod-borne disease caused by a number of diverse human pathogenic Borrelia (B.) species. These RF borreliae are separated into the groups of tick-transmitted species including B. duttonii, B. hermsii, B. parkeri, B. turicatae, B. hispanica, B. persica, B. caucasica, and B. myiamotoi, and the louse-borne Borrelia species B. recurrentis. As typical blood-borne pathogens achieving high cell concentrations in human blood, RF borreliae (RFB) must outwit innate immunity, in particular complement as the first line of defense. One prominent strategy developed by RFB to evade innate immunity involves inactivation of complement by recruiting distinct complement regulatory proteins, e.g., C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), C4b-binding protein (C4BP), factor H (FH), FH-like protein-1 (FHL-1), and factor H-related proteins FHR-1 and FHR-2, or binding of individual complement components and plasminogen, respectively. A number of multi-functional, complement and plasminogen-binding molecules from distinct Borrelia species have previously been identified and characterized, exhibiting considerable heterogeneity in their sequences, structures, gene localization, and their capacity to bind host-derived proteins. In addition, RFB possess a unique system of antigenic variation, allowing them to change the composition of surface-exposed variable major proteins, thus evading the acquired immune response of the human host. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the immune evasion strategies by RFB and highlights the role of complement-interfering and infection-associated molecules for the pathogenesis of RFB.

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Louse-borne relapsing fever among East African refugees in Europe

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

Head Lice

Head Lice

Case Report: Infectious Diseases in Pilgrims Visiting the Holy Land

Immune Evasion Strategies of Relapsing Fever Spirochetes

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