Lots of long COVID treatment leads, but few are proven

Shaffer, L. H.

doi:10.1073/pnas.2213524119

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Long COVID frequently impacts multiple organs, including respiratory and non-respiratory organs such as the brain [ 18 , 21 ]. Currently, there are no specific prophylactic or therapeutic drugs to treat long COVID [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the potential use of fluvoxamine for COVID-19 and long COVID

Hashimoto

2023

Discov Ment Health

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented a serious worldwide threat to public health since its emergence in late 2019. From a safety point of view, drug repurposing has received particular attention. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that the use of fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with potent sigma-1 receptor agonism, in the early-stage of infection might be associated with the prevention of clinical deterioration in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection, although several reports have shown that a low dose of fluvoxamine may be ineffective. There is increasing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can cross the blood–brain barrier, resulting in a number of psychiatric and neurologic symptoms in COVID-19 survivors. Importantly, about half of COVID-19 survivors experience a variety of long-term sequelae, including psychiatric and neurologic symptoms, known as long COVID. In this priority review, the author presents an overview of the potential use of fluvoxamine in the treatment of COVID-19 and long COVID.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the potential use of fluvoxamine for COVID-19 and long COVID

Hashimoto

2023

Discov Ment Health

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“…The multifaceted and complex nature of Long COVID with different subgroups and distinct pathophysiologies may require a combination of therapies, tailored to the underlying cause and individual patient symptoms. Returning the body to its homeostasis with a combination of anti-inflammatory, antihistamines, and drugs that treat blood vessel inflammation and microclots may yield results (289).…”

Section: Long Covidmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of Long COVID symptoms

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Low

Akrami

2023

Front. Med.

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The Long COVID/Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) group includes patients with initial mild-to-moderate symptoms during the acute phase of the illness, in whom recovery is prolonged, or new symptoms are developed over months. Here, we propose a description of the pathophysiology of the Long COVID presentation based on inflammatory cytokine cascades and the p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways that regulate cytokine production. In this model, the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection is hypothesized to trigger a dysregulated peripheral immune system activation with subsequent cytokine release. Chronic low-grade inflammation leads to dysregulated brain microglia with an exaggerated release of central cytokines, producing neuroinflammation. Immunothrombosis linked to chronic inflammation with microclot formation leads to decreased tissue perfusion and ischemia. Intermittent fatigue, Post Exertional Malaise (PEM), CNS symptoms with “brain fog,” arthralgias, paresthesias, dysautonomia, and GI and ophthalmic problems can consequently arise as result of the elevated peripheral and central cytokines. There are abundant similarities between symptoms in Long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). DNA polymorphisms and viral-induced epigenetic changes to cytokine gene expression may lead to chronic inflammation in Long COVID patients, predisposing some to develop autoimmunity, which may be the gateway to ME/CFS.

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“…studies. There remains a limited understanding on the causes of long COVID and the development of effective treatments, and so placing patients at the heart of future research in this remains imperative 5 .…”

Section: Check For Updatesmentioning

confidence: 99%