Lossy transmission line model of hydrofractured well dynamics

Patzek, Tadeusz W; De, A.

doi:10.1016/s0920-4105(99)00055-8

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The latter one can be verified by independent measurements, e.g. using micro-tiltmeters or high-resolution satellite radar images, or hydraulic impedance tests [28]. If the fracture extension is not confirmed, then presence of a thief layer is proven.…”

Section: MMmentioning

confidence: 97%

Waterflood Surveillance and Supervisory Control

Silin

Patzek

2000

All Days

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A successful waterflood depends on the proper operation of individual wells in a pattern, on maintaining the balance between water injection and production over the entire project or field, and on preventing well failures. The problems with waterflood are further aggravated in tight rock, e.g., carbonate, chalk or diatomite, where injector-producer linkages, uncontrolled hydrofracture growth, and water breakthrough in thief layers are often encountered. For optimal operation of a waterflood, it is mandatory that field engineers routinely acquire, store and interpret huge amounts of data to identify potential problems and to address them quickly. The cost of an error can be extreme; failure of only one well may cost more than the entire surveillance-controller system described here. As in preventive health care, it is important to diagnose the problems early and to apply the cure on time. Our solution is to design a multilevel, integrated system of surveillance and control, which acquires and processes waterflood data, and helps field personnel make optimal decisions. Our upper-end systems will rely on the satellite radar interferograms (InSAR) of surface displacement and the new revolutionary micro-electronic mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors. Many intermediate configurations are also possible. In the near future, the next generation of smart, reliable and cheap sensors will revolutionize field operations of small independents and majors alike. We think that the impact of the new technology on the independents will be proportionally larger.

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Section: MMmentioning

confidence: 97%

Waterflood Surveillance and Supervisory Control

Silin

Patzek

2000

All Days

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“…Due to their sensitivity to properties of the surrounding formation and fractures intersecting the wellbore, tube waves or water hammer propagating along the well are widely used for formation evaluation and fracture diagnostics (Paillet, 1980;Paillet and White, 1982;Gooch, 1985a, 1985b;Holzhausen and Egan, 1986;Hornby et al, 1989;Tang and Cheng, 1989;Paige et al, 1992Paige et al, , 1995Kostek et al, 1998aKostek et al, , 1998bPatzek and De, 2000;Henry et al, 2002;Ziatdinov et al, 2006;Ionov, 2007;Wang et al, 2008;Derov et al, 2009;Mondal, 2010;Bakku et al, 2013;Carey et al, 2015;Livescu et al, 2016). Here, we are specifically concerned with low-frequency tube waves having wavelengths much greater than the wellbore radius.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A closely related concept is that of hydraulic impedance testing (Holzhausen and Gooch, 1985a), initially developed to estimate the geometry of axial fractures (fractures in the plane of the wellbore). This method, using very low frequency tube waves or water-hammer signals, was validated through laboratory experiments (Paige et al, 1992) and applied to multiple field data sets (Holzhausen and Egan, 1986;Paige et al, 1995;Patzek and De, 2000;Mondal, 2010;Carey et al, 2015). The method is typically presented using the well-known correspondence between hydraulics and electrical circuits, with hydraulic impedance defined as the ratio of pressure to volumetric flow rate (velocity times the cross-sectional area).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic fracture diagnostics from Krauklis-wave resonance and tube-wave reflections

et al. 2017

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Fluid-filled fractures support guided waves known as Krauklis waves. The resonance of Krauklis waves within fractures occurs at specific frequencies; these frequencies, and the associated attenuation of the resonant modes, can be used to constrain the fracture geometry. We use numerical simulations of wave propagation along fluid-filled fractures to quantify fracture resonance. The simulations involve solution of an approximation to the compressible Navier-Stokes equation for the viscous fluid in the fracture coupled to the elastic-wave equation in the surrounding solid. Variable fracture aperture, narrow viscous boundary layers near the fracture walls, and additional attenuation from seismic radiation are accounted for in the simulations. We then determine how tube waves within a wellbore can be used to excite Krauklis waves within fractures that are hydraulically connected to the wellbore. The simulations provide the frequency-dependent hydraulic impedance of the fracture, which can then be used in a frequency-domain tube-wave code to model tube-wave reflection/ transmission from fractures from a source in the wellbore or at the wellhead (e.g., water hammer from an abrupt shut-in). Tube waves at the resonance frequencies of the fracture can be selectively amplified by proper tuning of the length of a sealed section of the wellbore containing the fracture. The overall methodology presented here provides a framework for determining hydraulic fracture properties via interpretation of tube-wave data.

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“…Yew [13] expanded the method by applying a Fourier inverse transform to wellhead data to estimate the fracture dimension. Patzek [14] proposed a model for lossy transmission lines that incorporated the energy depletion of pressure waves to characterise the dimensions of a wellbore and fractures. Furthermore, Carey [7,15] suggested a model for resistance-capacitance-inertance (RCI) fractures, which was characterised based on the resistance, capacitance, and inertance via the analogy of hydraulic and electrical systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A diagnostic model for hydraulic fracture in naturally fractured reservoir utilising water-hammer signal

Deng,

Yi,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Diagnostic technique for hydraulic fracture based on the water-hammer pressure have been gradually highlighted owing to their cost effectiveness and simplicity. The present diagnostic models overlook the effects of fluid leak-off and natural fracture, and it is limited in naturally fractured reservoir. In this study, the location and number of hydraulic fractures are first obtained through the enhancement and cepstrum processing of a water-hammer signal. Subsequently, the water-hammer pressure within the wellbore is calculated by solving the continuity and momentum equations for the fluid. Wellbore and hydraulic fractures are considered as a hydraulic system. To estimate the fracture dimension, flow boundary conditions are imposed to the fluid leak-off, interactions between natural and hydraulic fractures, and multifracture stress shadows. Based on the results, (1) the fracturing shut-in method can be appropriately adjusted to avoid large pressure pulsations, which damage well integrity, and to obtain a clear water-hammer signal for fracture diagnosis. (2) As the perforation cluster spacing increases, the fractures on both sides first decrease and then increase, whereas the centre fracture increases consistently. (3) Natural fractures reduce the hydraulic fracture dimensions but facilitate the creation of complex fracture networks; however, this complexity cannot be increased indefinitely. (4) The minimum horizontal stress decreases the fracture dimension and a greater difference in the horizontal stress renders it easier for hydraulic fractures to cross natural fractures to create larger dimensions. (5) The field study demonstrates the practicality of our model, and optimisation measures can be recommended based on the diagnostic results.

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Lossy transmission line model of hydrofractured well dynamics

Cited by 19 publications

References 16 publications

Waterflood Surveillance and Supervisory Control

Waterflood Surveillance and Supervisory Control

Hydraulic fracture diagnostics from Krauklis-wave resonance and tube-wave reflections

A diagnostic model for hydraulic fracture in naturally fractured reservoir utilising water-hammer signal

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