Lossy Mode Resonance Generation by Graphene Oxide Coatings Onto Cladding-Removed Multimode Optical Fiber

Abstract

In this work, we have studied the suitability of graphene oxide -based thin films to be not only excellent sensitive coatings but also lossy mode resonance (LMR)-generating materials. Thin films of graphene oxide (GO) and polyethylenimine (PEI) fabricated by means of layer-by-layer assembly were selected in this study. Two optical fiber devices with 8 and 20 bilayers of the LMR-generating coating were fabricated and characterized as refractometers. Both devices show no hysteresis and high sensitivity, improving previously reported values. This research opens very promising and exciting possibilities in the field of optical fiber sensors based on LMR, strategically including specific recognition groups to the device surface to exploit this high sensitivity for monitoring a range of target analytes. The carboxylate functional groups at the edges of the GO sheets should provide excellent attachment sites for the required coupling chemistry to realize such devices.

A Comprehensive Review: Materials for the Fabrication of Optical Fiber Refractometers Based on Lossy Mode Resonance

“…The sensitivity of the lossy mode resonance to external refractive index variations has been extensively studied, especially in the range close to water (1.33), since most biological applications work in this range. For instance, a graphene oxide coating [59] provided a sensitivity of 2631 nm/RIU at a wavelength of 550 nm, while a TiO 2 /PSS film [50] produced LMR with a sensitivity of 6754 nm/RIU at 650 nm. Additionally, a In 2 O 3 -based refractometer [39] gave a value of 3003 nm/RIU at 600 nm, which increased to 4926 nm/RIU when a thicker coating shifted the LMR to 1400 nm; all of these examples used CRMOF.…”

“…However, there are other materials that were not cited in the previous sections that have gained more attention for the support of LMR in recent works. For instance, graphene oxide (GO), which has already been described above because of its use as an overlay to enhance the sensitivity of a SnO 2 thin film based sensor, was also experimentally tested in [59]. Two different sensors were fabricated in this work using 8 and 20 bilayers of GO and polyethylenimine (PEI) by means of the LbL technique on a 200 µm core CRMOF.…”

Fiber Optic Gas Sensors Based on Lossy Mode Resonances and Sensing Materials Used Therefor: A Comprehensive Review

“…The response time is 160 ms and the recovery time 262 ms. (time between 10% and 90% of the maximum wavelength shift and vice versa). In a more recent article [ 82 ], the same author has managed to build a LMR sensor without the need of the thin-film of SnO 2 , opening the path for a new humidity sensor based on only a GO film.…”

Lossy mode resonance generation by using uncoated double cladding fiber

“…For this intent, different types of materials have been used, in particular metal oxides, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), tin-dioxide (SnO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), indium oxide (In2O3) and many more 2,3 . Polymers like poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and others are also being investigated and proved successful for the same intent since last decade 4,5 . However, a fine control of the properties of an additional overlay is necessary, to avoid hampering the repeatability and long-term stability of the device, thus making the fabrication process complex.…”