Losses Associated with Secondary Effects in Earthquakes

Daniell, James; Schaefer, Andreas; Wenzel, Friedemann

doi:10.3389/fbuil.2017.00030

Cited by 75 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In a study of historic earthquake losses, Daniell et al () set out to attribute historic fatalities and economic losses to earthquakes and the triggered events such as fires, tsunamis, and landslides. The study found that the 100 most damaging earthquakes since 1900 account for 93% of all earthquake fatalities occurring since 1900 and that 40% of the fatalities and economic losses can be attributed to secondary events such as landslides and tsunamis caused by these earthquakes (Daniell et al, ). Finally, the literature recognizes the growing need to better understand the vulnerability of ecosystems to a succession of (climate‐driven) disasters, such as the impacts of the 2016 and 2017 heatwaves on the Great Barrier Reef (Hughes et al, ).…”

Section: Consecutive Disasters Explainedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why We Can No Longer Ignore Consecutive Disasters

Ruiter

Couasnon

Homberg³

et al. 2020

Earth's Future

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202

147

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In recent decades, a striking number of countries have suffered from consecutive disasters: events whose impacts overlap both spatially and temporally, while recovery is still under way. The risk of consecutive disasters will increase due to growing exposure, the interconnectedness of human society, and the increased frequency and intensity of nontectonic hazard. This paper provides an overview of the different types of consecutive disasters, their causes, and impacts. The impacts can be distinctly different from disasters occurring in isolation (both spatially and temporally) from other disasters, noting that full isolation never occurs. We use existing empirical disaster databases to show the global probabilistic occurrence for selected hazard types. Current state‐of‐the art risk assessment models and their outputs do not allow for a thorough representation and analysis of consecutive disasters. This is mainly due to the many challenges that are introduced by addressing and combining hazards of different nature, and accounting for their interactions and dynamics. Disaster risk management needs to be more holistic and codesigned between researchers, policy makers, first responders, and companies.

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Section: Consecutive Disasters Explainedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why We Can No Longer Ignore Consecutive Disasters

Ruiter

Couasnon

Homberg³

et al. 2020

Earth's Future

Self Cite

202

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As humans increase their impact on the planet, the risk associated with natural and man-made hazards can be amplified by emerging chains-of-events [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. With rapid urbanization and lifeline connectivity growth, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and further consequences of initial triggers are likely to occur more often, and more severely.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the ultimate goal of catastrophe risk assessment should be the probabilistic quantification of all physically imaginable interactions between the natural, built and cyber environments, and this at a global scale, the scope is so vast that a brick-by-brick approach should be favored at the present time. Directions being currently investigated include: (i) site-specific multi-risk engineering modelling at the local level [ 7 , 16 ]; (ii) detailed exploration of a given interaction system, e.g., a natural system [ 2 ] or a natural–technological interface (i.e., Natech) [ 6 ]; (iii) detailed exploration of the full chain-of-events cross-system for a given trigger, e.g., an earthquake [ 5 , 13 , 17 ]; and (iv) general rules of catastrophe dynamics based on theory and on simplified, generic perils and interactions [ 4 , 18 , 19 ]. We will here follow the latter approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Space of Possibilities in Cascading Disasters with Catastrophe Dynamics

Mignan

Wang

2020

IJERPH

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Some of the most devastating natural events on Earth, such as earthquakes and tropical cyclones, are prone to trigger other natural events, critical infrastructure failures, and socioeconomic disruptions. Man-made disasters may have similar effects, although to a lesser degree. We investigate the space of possible interactions between 19 types of loss-generating events, first by encoding possible one-to-one interactions into an adjacency matrix A, and second by calculating the interaction matrix M of emergent chains-of-events. We first present the impact of 24 topologies of A on M to illustrate the non-trivial patterns of cascading processes, in terms of the space of possibilities covered and of interaction amplification by feedback loops. We then encode A from 29 historical cases of cascading disasters and compute the matching matrix M. We observe, subject to data incompleteness, emergent cascading behaviors in the technological and socioeconomic systems, across all possible triggers (natural or man-made); disease is also a systematic emergent phenomenon. We find interactions being mostly amplified via two events: network failure and business interruption, the two events with the highest in-degree and betweenness centralities. This analysis demonstrates how cascading disasters grow in and cross over natural, technological, and socioeconomic systems.

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“…of the developing world. According to the estimation in Daniell et al (2011Daniell et al ( , 2017, from 1900-2016, 2.3 million 35 earthquake fatalities from 2233 fatal events occurred worldwide, with economic losses (direct and indirect) associated with the occurrence of over 9,900 damaging earthquakes reached USD 3.41 trillion (in 2016 price level).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential building stock modelling for mainland China

Xin

Daniell

Tsang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Previous seismic damage reports have shown that the damage and collapse of buildings is the leading cause of fatality and property loss, especially in developing countries. To better serve the risk analysis targeted at near-real-time post-earthquake mitigation and pre-earthquake preparedness and resources allocation, this study develops a fully reproducible grid-level residential building stock model for mainland China, by disaggregating urbanity level census data of each province into 1 km × 1 km scale and using population density profile as the proxy. To evaluate the model performance, the modelled residential building stock value is compared with the net capital stock value in Wu et al. (2014) using perpetual inventory method at provincial level. The modelled stock values in these two studies are in good agreement for all the 31 provinces in mainland China. Furthermore, district level comparison of the residential floor area developed in this study with records from statistical yearbook of Shanghai is also conducted. It turns out that the floor area developed in this study is compatible with floor area recorded in the yearbook of Shanghai. To further validate the applicability of the modelled results in seismic risk assessment, an estimation of the scenario loss to modelled residential buildings is performed, by assuming the recurrence of 2008 Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake. The overall estimated loss approximates the loss value derived from damage reports based on field investigation quite well. Both results indicate the reliability of the residential building stock model developed in this study. The limitations of this study are discussed and directions for future work are recommended.

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Losses Associated with Secondary Effects in Earthquakes

Cited by 75 publications

References 25 publications

Why We Can No Longer Ignore Consecutive Disasters

Why We Can No Longer Ignore Consecutive Disasters

Exploring the Space of Possibilities in Cascading Disasters with Catastrophe Dynamics

Residential building stock modelling for mainland China

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