Loss of nitrogen during sprinkler irrigation of swine lagoon liquid

Safley, L. M.; Barker, James C.; Westerman, P. W.

doi:10.1016/0960-8524(92)90112-b

Cited by 22 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…1). Our time trajectory for NH 3 emission for this fertilizer type is in accord with other observations for this region (Safley et al 1992;Harper 1997, 2002), and elsewhere (Hoff et al 1981;Beauchamp et al 1982;Lockyer et al 1989;Pain et al 1989;Bless et al 1991) that show large pulses of NH 3 immediately upon application of liquid or slurried animal waste, followed by gradual returns to background fluxes within *1 day.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Previous investigations at North Carolina swine producing CAFOs report TN concentrations varying from 275 to 800 mg l À1 in liquid swine waste (Westerman et al 1978(Westerman et al , 1983(Westerman et al , 1990Safley et al 1992;Whalen 2000;Sharpe and Harper 2002;Fischer and Whalen 2005), while Adeli et al (2003) give a TN concentration nearly identical (341 mg l À1 ) to our mean for a facility in Mississippi. The wide range in TN values is reasonable, considering that waste composition can vary seasonally (Westerman et al 1990) and is dependent on site-specific variations in animal feeding and waste handling practices (Hatfield et al 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

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Nitrogen mass balance in fields irrigated with liquid swine waste

Whalen

DeBerardinis

2007

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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Over the past 15-years, swine-producing confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have proliferated throughout the Southeastern United States, particularly in North Carolina. Waste at these facilities is collected in open-air lagoons and the liquid phase is land-applied as fertilizer by sprinkler irrigation. Numerous investigations have focused on individual aspects of the fate of nitrogenous liquid waste, but none has attempted a comprehensive analysis of post-application transformations and losses. On three occasions, we experimentally applied liquid swine waste at typical industry doses of 1.2 and 2.5 cm-ha (40-130 kg N ha À1 ) to carefully defined plots in an active spray field on a representative North Carolina CAFO and constructed a nitrogen mass balance for the waste by assessing most N pools and transformations in post-application observation periods of 14-19 days. We consistently recovered more N than applied, by an average of 126%. This was likely due to mineralization of endogenous organic-N, a reservoir that was not measured. Plant assimilation clearly represented the most important N sink for this fertilizer type, accounting for 25-117% of the applied N. Offsite loss to leaching and volatilization and onsite accumulation in the inorganic phase and in microbial biomass all assumed secondary and roughly equal importance; each term represented about 5-20% of the applied N. Denitrification was inconsequential in N loss from a mass standpoint, accounting for 2% of the effluent. The post-application fate of N in liquid swine waste did not differ fundamentally from other organic and inorganic fertilizers, as the relative importance of all loss and storage terms fell within the ranges of values given for other fertilizers. However, liquid swine waste did differ from other N fertilizers in the rate of processing. Transformations occurred rapidly due to the immediate post-application contact of liquid swine waste-N with plant roots and microbes in a form (NH 4 + -N) immediately available for use.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Nitrogen mass balance in fields irrigated with liquid swine waste

Whalen

DeBerardinis

2007

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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“…Ammonium comprised 82-86% of the total-N in swine waste in our study, which agrees with the 76-86% reported elsewhere for liquid lagoonal swine waste (Westerman et al 1985;Safley et al 1992;Barker and Zublena 1995;Barker et al 1998). However, the percentage of NH 4 + -N in liquid lagoonal swine waste was notably higher than the values of 52-58, 28-53 and 61-64% reported for fresh, scraped lot and slurried swine manure, respectively (Westerman et al 1985;Barker and Zublena 1995;Zublena et al 1995), and likely reflects more extensive mineralization of organic-N in anaerobic lagoons than in other swine waste storage systems.…”

Section: Fertilizer Compositionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Rates and controls on denitrification in an agricultural soil fertilized with liquid lagoonal swine waste

Fischer

Whalen

2005

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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Under laboratory conditions, we studied rates and controls on denitrification and denitrification potential (denitrifying enzyme activity, DEA) in agricultural soils in the southeastern United States that had been repeatedly fertilized with liquid lagoonal swine effluent. This is a waste management practice commonly employed by large-scale swine production facilities that have proliferated regionally in the past 10 years. The microbial community was rapidly responsive to the added waste, as denitrification N flux (N 2 + N 2 O) from intact soil cores increased from about 200 to as high as 2850 lg N m À2 h À1 , usually within 1 day of application. Elevated rates of denitrification were short-lived ( £ 3 days), as the combination of coarse soil texture (rapid drainage) and low mineralization potential (low organic content) of the waste rapidly restored aerobic conditions. Although <2% of the fertilizer-N was lost to denitrification by the time rates had returned to pre-fertilization values after 8-12 days, soil NO 3 À -N levels increased from £ 5 lg N g dw soil À1 to as high as 43 lg N g dw soil À1 , providing not only substrate for additional denitrification following rainfall, but also a mobile N source for both offsite transport by surface and groundwater and assimilation by plants. Both N 2 O and N 2 production from denitrification were unresponsive to changes in soil moisture until field capacity was approached or exceeded. Temperature coefficients (Q 10 ) for DEA varied from 1.6 to 2.8 between 7 and 30°C, depending on the temperature interval, while high DEA between 20 and 40°C pointed to a denitrifying community well-adapted to regional summer soil temperatures. Glucose-C or NO 3 À -N amendments proved equally stimulatory to DEA in homogenized soils relative to water-only controls. However, addition of the combined substrates gave the best response, indicating that these chemical factors were equally important controls on potential denitrification in these soils once anaerobic conditions had become established.

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“…Measurements of losses during irrigation have usually been estimated by TKN concentration difference between the liquid in the lagoon and liquid in collection cups in the field. Safley et al (1992) attempted a mass balance by measuring flow rates in irrigation pipes and estimating application depth on the field and estimated that 62% to 100 % of TAN losses were due to loss of liquid by drift and evaporation.…”

Section: Land Application Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%