Loss of genetic connectivity and diversity in urban microreserves in a southern California endemic Jerusalem cricket (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatus n. sp. “santa monica”)

Vandergast, Amy G.; Lewallen, Eric A.; Deas, Joseph B.; Bohonak, Andrew J.; Weissman, David B.; Fisher, Robert N.

doi:10.1007/s10841-008-9176-z

Cited by 41 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Overall, non-relevant articles fell into one of three categories: (i) articles that indirectly hint at the effects on the broader regional population (e.g. Vandergast et al 2009) without explicitly stating any direct effects, (ii) articles that discuss ecological impacts on urban populations due to urbanization but do not tie this back to effects on the regional population (e.g. Concepció n et al 2015;Rayner et al 2015;Stracey and Robinson 2012) or (iii) articles that make a direct comparison between the urban population and the regional population but do not make any linkages as to how the urban population affects the regional population (e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological spillover dynamics of organisms from urban to natural landscapes

Spear

Grijalva

Michaels

et al. 2018

Journal of Urban Ecology

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Urbanization and anthropogenic development have fundamentally altered ecosystem dynamics on a global scale. Conservation and management of comparatively less modified landscapes adjacent to highly modified landscapes requires careful consideration of interactions between landscape types. Restoration or conservation of habitat within a developed matrix is generally thought to have beneficial effects on landscape-level ecological processes. We propose an ecological spillover framework to critically assess how restoring or conserving species populations within anthropogenically modified landscapes may affect adjacent wildland populations. Within the framework, the spillover process is divided into seven interconnected 'nodes', which identify points at which potential cause-effect relationships may exist between urban and wildland populations. The framework is useful for a wide range of project-specific ecological relationships, and can help scientists and managers identify knowledge gaps and weigh risk in conservation decision-making. We queried the conservation literature to identify research focused on the impacts of urban species populations on regional wildland populations. Our search revealed seven ecological processes that have the potential to be affected by urban to wildland spillover and we found relatively few studies that explicitly analyze spillover effects from urban to wildland areas. Organisms living in urban areas within restored or remnant habitats located in an urban matrix, or within the built environment have largely unknown effects on landscape-level ecological processes. We conclude with a discussion on the critical gaps in research linking these habitats to larger landscape-level ecological understanding, and provide recommendations for research priorities that might illuminate this important aspect of 21st century conservation planning.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological spillover dynamics of organisms from urban to natural landscapes

Spear

Grijalva

Michaels

et al. 2018

Journal of Urban Ecology

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“…Noel et al 2007;Vandergast et al 2009;Delaney et al 2010). In particular, several butterfly species inhabiting urban areas have been found to exhibit limited gene flow among local populations and reduced genetic diversity in comparison to populations inhabiting rural areas (Wood and Pullin 2002;Takami et al 2004).…”

Section: Population Genetic Structure Of the Mormon Metalmarkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-scale genetic structure of an endangered population of the Mormon metalmark butterfly (Apodemia mormo) revealed using AFLPs

2011

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We investigated the genetic structure and diversity of an endangered Canadian population of the Mormon metalmark butterfly (Apodemia mormo) using, for the first time, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers generated from non-lethal samples of butterfly wing tissue. Based on 326 loci, our analyses show a high degree of spatial genetic structure within the population, indicating limited gene flow, despite a small geographic range (\20 km). We found that geographic distance, particularly measured along valley bottoms, restricts gene flow within this population. However, other potential barriers to movement and genetic exchange were also identified, in particular urban development. Overall, the population exhibited low levels of genetic diversity. Future management should focus on increasing gene flow between the most isolated sub-populations, and through urban areas, by preserving and restoring as many habitat patches as possible.

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“…More recently, climatic, environmental, and anthropogenic changes (e.g., global warming, urbanization, and agriculture) have also played important roles in modifying the connectivity pattern between populations (Miller and Hobbs 2002;Delaney et al 2010). Consequently, some species are currently subdivided into poorly connected or completely isolated populations; for examples, ground beetles (Keller et al 2004), salamanders (Noel et al 2007), and crickets (Vandergast et al 2009). In the meantime, other species experience habitat and population expansion (e.g., sparrows, white-tailed deer, zebra mussels; Waples 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peak and Persistent Excess of Genetic Diversity Following an Abrupt Migration Increase

et al. 2013

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Genetic diversity is essential for population survival and adaptation to changing environments. Demographic processes (e.g., bottleneck and expansion) and spatial structure (e.g., migration, number, and size of populations) are known to shape the patterns of the genetic diversity of populations. However, the impact of temporal changes in migration on genetic diversity has seldom been considered, although such events might be the norm. Indeed, during the millions of years of a species' lifetime, repeated isolation and reconnection of populations occur. Geological and climatic events alternately isolate and reconnect habitats. We analytically document the dynamics of genetic diversity after an abrupt change in migration given the mutation rate and the number and sizes of the populations. We demonstrate that during transient dynamics, genetic diversity can reach unexpectedly high values that can be maintained over thousands of generations. We discuss the consequences of such processes for the evolution of species based on standing genetic variation and how they can affect the reconstruction of a population's demographic and evolutionary history from genetic data. Our results also provide guidelines for the use of genetic data for the conservation of natural populations. GENETIC diversity in a population of constant size results from the balance between the occurrence of new mutations and the loss of alleles by genetic drift (Fisher 1922;Wright 1931;Kimura and Crow 1964). The expected population genetic diversity can thus be estimated from the effective population size and the mutation rate in the population. In subdivided populations this estimate should further account for the strength of migration (Maruyama 1970;Smith 1970;Nei 1973): limited migration allows for strong differentiation between populations, while strong migration tends to homogenize genetic diversity between populations. Genetic diversity is also known to be affected by population demographic changes; following bottlenecks and founder events, a loss of genetic diversity is expected to occur (Nei et al. 1975). Recently, spatial population expansions were shown to lead to increased differentiation between populations and to generate a low level of genetic diversity at the front of the expansion (Excoffier et al. 2009).Although theoretical studies on the dynamics of genetic diversity in subdivided populations started appearing in the 1970s (Nei and Feldman 1972;Latter 1973;Nei 1973;Nagylaki 1974Nagylaki , 1977, the transient dynamics and nonequilibrium states of genetic diversity still do not have a good theoretical basis. Early authors characterized the ultimate rate of change of genetic diversity after a perturbation (either a change in population size or gene flow; Nei and Feldman 1972;Latter 1973;Nei 1973;Nagylaki 1974Nagylaki , 1977. They found that changes in genetic diversity are related to the total effective population size, which results in a slow dynamics of genetic diversity change. They thus first highlighted that nonequilibrium ...

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Loss of genetic connectivity and diversity in urban microreserves in a southern California endemic Jerusalem cricket (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatus n. sp. “santa monica”)

Cited by 41 publications

References 81 publications

Ecological spillover dynamics of organisms from urban to natural landscapes

Ecological spillover dynamics of organisms from urban to natural landscapes

Fine-scale genetic structure of an endangered population of the Mormon metalmark butterfly (Apodemia mormo) revealed using AFLPs

Peak and Persistent Excess of Genetic Diversity Following an Abrupt Migration Increase

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