Loss of CDKL2 expression correlates with differentiation, stage, and poor prognosis of gastric cancer

Abstract

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of malignant liver tumors, characterized by unfavorable prognosis and low sensitivity to chemotherapy. HCC diagnosis is complicated by late manifestation of symptoms and lack of effective biomarkers. The existing MRI approach does not cover 20% of HCC cases (hypovascular variants). Another problem is differential diagnosis between G1-stage HCC and subclasses of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). Present study examines the ability of potential biomarkers, previously identified by our group, to differentiate HCC from benign liver tumors represented by HCA and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). We also analyzed gene expression changes associated with the development of FNH and HCA in order to identify molecular markers capable of distinguishing between these two neoplasm types. Methods: 61 pairs of surgical biopsies of tumor and non-tumorous liver tissue of patients with HCA (5 cases), FNH (6 cases) and HCC (50 cases) were used in the study. Expression levels of RAB3B, IQGAP3, GPC3, HKDC1, TOP2A, GNAZ, PDGFA and CENPF genes were evaluated using RT-qPCR. Data on gene expression changes were statistically processed and sorted using hierarchical cluster analysis. Results: Significant (p < 0.05) increase in expression level of IQGAP3 (p ¼ 8.8x10 À8), GPC3 (p ¼ 4.2x10 À5), CENPF (p ¼ 5.1x10 À4), and TOP2A (p ¼ 0.042) was detected in HCC tissue but not in benign tumor samples when compared to respective non-tumor samples. HKDC1 and RAB3B overexpression was observed in both HCC and benign tumors. HCA and FNH cases differ considerably by pattern of gene expression changes. HKDC1 expression level is higher in FNH than in HCA (p ¼ 0.017). Conclusions: Overexpression of IQGAP3, GPC3, CENPF and TOP2A genes is specific for HCC, but not HCA and FNH, so these genes are promising candidate biomarkers for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant liver tumors. Activation of RAB3B and HKDC1 genes in FNH and HCA tissue suggests their possible role in the development of these neoplasms. Specific patterns of gene expression changes described for HCA and FNH indicate the difference in molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis and provide a tool for distinguishing these neoplasms from each other.

Discovery and Characterization of a Chemical Probe for Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 2

“…7 While several studies have provided a link between CDKL2 and tumorigenesis and have highlighted that the function of CDKL2 in different cancer types is distinct, an understanding of how CDKL2 modulates oncogenic progression is not yet understood. Reports have linked CDKL2 expression to the progression and survival of patients with kidney 6, 8 , stomach 5, 9, 10 , liver 11 , brain 12 , prostate 13 , and breast 14-16 cancers. CDKL2 expression is a favorable prognostic marker in glioma and renal and liver cancers.…”

“…Similarly, based upon analysis of patient samples, the literature is mixed on the role of CDKL2 in gastric cancer, with one group reporting that high CDKL2 mRNA level predicts shorter overall survival 9 and two other groups reporting that loss of CDKL2 predicts poor prognosis. 5, 10 CDKL2 expression, therefore, may not be a reliable prognostic marker in some cancers.…”