Loss in moment capacity of tree stems induced by decay

Ciftci, Cihan; Kane, Brian; Breña, Sergio F.; Arwade, Sanjay R.

doi:10.1007/s00468-013-0968-8

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Our work clarified the effect of two common defects of trees growing in residential settings, decay and co-dominant stems, which will be useful to practitioners who must assess the likelihood of failure. Much work remains to be done, however, since the range of values of I LOSS for which it was harder to predict the likelihood of red oaks failing at a void corresponds to a wide range of areas of decay (Ciftci et al 2014). Destructively testing trees with extant decay is an important line of future investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since most sawn voids were not centered on the cross section, we also expected that the probability of failure at a void would not be related to the loss in area. Practitioners assessing decay must consider the area and the location of decay in the cross section (Ciftci et al 2014), and not assume that areas of decay are concentric (Kane and Ryan 2004). Our observations that no trees with less than 22 % loss in area moment of inertia failed at the void and all trees with greater than 54 % loss in area moment of inertia failed at the void are consistent with mensurative studies of standing and failed trees after storms (Smiley and Fraedrich 1992;Kane 2008) and pulling tests of conifers with small amounts of decay (Achim et al 2005;Bergeron et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For trees that failed at areas of extant decay, we reduced I PF in Eq. 3 according to the results of Ciftci et al (2014). Because several trees appeared to fail in shear-indicated by splitting of the member along the neutral axis-rather than bending, we also calculated shear stress at the point of failure (s PF ), assuming a circular cross section:…”

Section: Field Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The length of the void was perpendicular to both the direction of winching and the longitudinal axis of the trunk. We calculated the area moment of inertia of stems with voids before (I B ) and after (I A ) sawing as described in Ciftci et al (2014). We calculated the loss in area moment of inertia (I LOSS ) as:…”

Section: Field Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conventional methods of assessing the likelihood of failure from decay can be inaccurate (Kane and Ryan 2004;Ruel et al 2010). Recent approaches (Ciftci et al 2014) have attempted to address this, yet no studies have destructively sampled large open-grown trees to empirically assess the effect of decay. More studies have investigated the strength of branch unions, which decreases (1) as the ratio of branch to trunk diameter increases (Gilman 2003;) and (2) when included bark is present (Smiley 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Determining parameters related to the likelihood of failure of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) from winching tests

Kane

2014

Trees

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Key message This study provides data necessary to develop mechanistic models of the failure of opengrown trees. The literature contains few such data. Some results contrast previous studies on conifers. Abstract In cities and towns, tree failure can cause damage and injury. Few studies have considered large, open-grown trees when measuring parameters related to tree failure. To measure elastic modulus and maximum bending moment and stress, we winched red oaks (Quercus rubra L.), including some with co-dominant stems and others with extant decay. To simulate decay in a subsample of trees, we cut voids in the trunk before pulling trees to failure. Maximum bending moment was greatest for uprooted trees, but maximum bending and shear stresses were greatest for trees that failed in the crown in the vicinity of branches. The likelihood of failure at a void or area of extant decay increased as the loss in area moment of inertia increased. The moduli of elasticity and rupture of specimens taken from trees were greater than values measured on the trees themselves. Failure at the union of co-dominant stems only occurred when we pulled them apart, loading them perpendicular to the plane bifurcating the union. Some of the results are inconsistent with previous work on conifers; more data on open-grown trees are necessary to develop mechanistic models to predict tree failure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Field Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Field Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Determining parameters related to the likelihood of failure of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) from winching tests

Kane

2014

Trees

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Snagfall the first decade after severe bark beetle infestation of high‐elevation forests in Colorado, USA

Rhoades

Hubbard

Hood

et al. 2020

Ecological Applications

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The persistence and fall rate of snags (standing dead trees) generated during bark beetle outbreaks have consequences for the behavior, effects, and suppression of potential wildfires, hazard tree and timber salvage operations, wildlife habitat, and numerous ecosystem processes. However, post‐beetle snagfall dynamics are poorly understood in most forest types. We tagged standing live and dead lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), including beetle‐killed pine snags following the peak of a recent mountain pine bark beetle outbreak in watersheds at the Fraser Experimental Forest in northcentral Colorado and sampled snagfall 10 and 12 years later. Bark beetle attacks began in 2003, peaked by 2006, and killed 78% of overstory lodgepole pine in 133 plots distributed across a range of stand and site conditions. Of those snags, only 17% fell between 2007 and 2018. Most snags broke at ground level, due to butt rot, and were oriented downhill. In contrast, snags that tipped up or snapped off above the ground were oriented with the prevailing winds. Equal numbers of snags fell singly and in multiple‐tree groups, and equal numbers remained elevated rather than in contact with the ground. Lodgepole pine snagfall was 1.6‐times higher on steep slopes (>40%) where dead pine density was higher, compared to flatter sites. Based on our findings and previous research, we estimate that one‐half the beetle‐killed lodgepole pine in high‐elevation forests such as those at Fraser may fall within 15–20 yr of beetle infestation, but that some pine snags are likely to persist for decades longer. Post‐outbreak snagfall dynamics create a multiple‐decade legacy of bark beetle outbreaks that will persist longer in high‐elevation compared to lower‐elevation forests.

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Can sonic tomography predict loss in load-bearing capacity for trees with internal defects? A comparison of sonic tomograms with destructive measurements

Burcham

Brazee

Marra

et al. 2019

Trees

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Loss in moment capacity of tree stems induced by decay

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

Determining parameters related to the likelihood of failure of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) from winching tests

Determining parameters related to the likelihood of failure of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) from winching tests

Snagfall the first decade after severe bark beetle infestation of high‐elevation forests in Colorado, USA

Can sonic tomography predict loss in load-bearing capacity for trees with internal defects? A comparison of sonic tomograms with destructive measurements

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