“…Concurrently, moving deeper into the sub-wavelength region, the models, currently used to predict properties of such systems, lose their applicability: the medium homogenization approximations fail when the wavelengths are comparable to the unit cell thickness 22,23 ; non-local effects have a significant influence on the graphene properties for the excitations with wavevectors approaching the Dirac cone 24 . At the same time, Ohmic losses, which are an inherent problem to all hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) with conductive sheets 25 , are an important issue for graphene-based HMMs (GHMMs) too. However, calculation of losses had been limited due to the approximations of the local graphene conductivity model.…”