“…During the last decades, Littorina species have become model organisms for the study of population biology, physiological adaptations, genetics, behavior, and parasitology (Johannesson et al, 1997;Sokolova et al 2000, Sokolova andPörtner 2001a,b;Panova and Johannesson, 2004;Panova et al, 2006;Quesada et al, 2007;Mikhailova et al, 2009;Conde-Padín et al 2009Galindo et al, 2010;Storey et al 2013;Lobov et al, 2015;Rolan-Alvarez et al, 2015;Maltseva et al, 2016;Westram et al, 2014;Ravinet et al, 2016, Granovitch, 2016. Along the North Atlantic shore, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1872) and L. obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758) are most common (Reid, 1996).…”