Abstract:El presente artículo hace un análisis del proceso político desarrollado en América Latina en los inicios de este siglo, en el que ha habido un cambio de referentes, determinado por el advenimiento de nuevas fuerzas políticas y la elaboración de un modelo constitucional de nuevo tipo que ha implicado una ruptura con los patrones del constitucionalismo liberal y la inclusión de numerosos contenidos extraños a la doctrina clásica. En este sentido, se hace una breve valoración de algunos de los rasgos de los proce… Show more
“…Even more important, it did not translate into public health oriented and well-targeted epidemiological monitoring of the existing as compared to the unmet needs [52]. This unfavorable situation is even more impressive for the two countries which went through an important constitutional evolution during the last decade [53] [54] i.e. Bolivia and Ecuador.…”
Background and Objective: A systematic review of the epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity and smoking in three Latin American countries was carried out. Reliability and local representativeness of this information is fundamental for tailoring non-communicable disease control strategies to the context. Materials and Methods: Electronic databases and gray literature were searched for descriptive and cross-sectional population studies reporting prevalence of the above-mentioned risk factors in populations aged over 18 years in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, published between January 2000 and December 2017. Results: 29 articles, which together included a population of 38,271 individuals, were incorporated in the synthesis. A pooled prevalence was obtained for each risk factor: smoking in men 37.60% [31.56 -43.63] was the most frequent risk factor, followed by hypercholesterolemia 26.45% [18.89 -34.02] and obesity in women 25. 53% [19.78 -31.29]. The Global prevalence of hypertension was 19.54% [15.34 -23.74], similar for men and women (23.11; 23.26 respectively). Conclusions: Estimated pooled prevalence for the main cardiovascular risk factors is high and similar to the ones reported by international estimates, especially for hypertension and obesity. Estimated prevalence of diabetes was lower than the previously reported whereas for smoking it was higher. Although prevalence can be a useful indicator for monitoring the epidemiological situation of NCCD in a country, other indicators, especially those allowing visualizing the results of interventions at local level are needed.
“…Even more important, it did not translate into public health oriented and well-targeted epidemiological monitoring of the existing as compared to the unmet needs [52]. This unfavorable situation is even more impressive for the two countries which went through an important constitutional evolution during the last decade [53] [54] i.e. Bolivia and Ecuador.…”
Background and Objective: A systematic review of the epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity and smoking in three Latin American countries was carried out. Reliability and local representativeness of this information is fundamental for tailoring non-communicable disease control strategies to the context. Materials and Methods: Electronic databases and gray literature were searched for descriptive and cross-sectional population studies reporting prevalence of the above-mentioned risk factors in populations aged over 18 years in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, published between January 2000 and December 2017. Results: 29 articles, which together included a population of 38,271 individuals, were incorporated in the synthesis. A pooled prevalence was obtained for each risk factor: smoking in men 37.60% [31.56 -43.63] was the most frequent risk factor, followed by hypercholesterolemia 26.45% [18.89 -34.02] and obesity in women 25. 53% [19.78 -31.29]. The Global prevalence of hypertension was 19.54% [15.34 -23.74], similar for men and women (23.11; 23.26 respectively). Conclusions: Estimated pooled prevalence for the main cardiovascular risk factors is high and similar to the ones reported by international estimates, especially for hypertension and obesity. Estimated prevalence of diabetes was lower than the previously reported whereas for smoking it was higher. Although prevalence can be a useful indicator for monitoring the epidemiological situation of NCCD in a country, other indicators, especially those allowing visualizing the results of interventions at local level are needed.
“…Com efeito, a Constituição brasileira ainda é associada ao estágio do neoconstitucionalismo e não do constitucionalismo latino-americano 71 , os quais são categorias diferentes e somente a último tem o condão de ser uma ordem de rompimento com a exclusão de povos subalternizados 72 .…”
Section: Questões Essenciais Para O Bem Viver No Contexto Brasileiro unclassified
Em um contexto de agravamento dos desafios ecológicos, o artigo busca investigar a contribuição de modelos ecológicos adotados por países andinos, mais especificamente do Equador e da Bolívia – “Bem viver” ou “Viver bem” – considerando que vêm sendo apresentados como proposta à construção adaptada de um modelo de Estado Ecológico de Direito no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Realizou-se revisão bibliográfica, com pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem puramente teórica e propósito exploratório, a fim de demonstrar a base essencialmente cultural dos modelos que estruturam o giro biocêntrico no novo constitucionalismo latino-americano. Demonstra-se necessidade de cautela na importação de tais modelos, uma vez que possuem bases estruturais e realidades culturais, sociais e políticas distintas das verificadas no Brasil. Finaliza-se com ênfase ao diálogo intercultural na superação de desafios e refundação da realidade ambiental no país, avançando em direção à concepção de um Estado Ecológico de Direito brasileiro.
In a context of aggravating ecological challenges, the article seeks to investigate the contribution of ecological models adopted by Andean countries, more specifically from Ecuador and Bolivia - “Well live” or “Live well” - considering that they have been presented as a proposal to the adapted construction of an ecological law model in the Brazilian legal system. A bibliographic review was carried out, with qualitative research, a purely theoretical approach and exploratory purpose in order to demonstrate the cultural basis that structure the biocentric perspective in the new Latin American constitucionalism. It demonstrates the need for caution in the importation of such models, since they have structural bases and cultural, social and political realities different from those verified in Brazil. It finalizes with an emphasis on intercultural dialogue in overcoming challenges and rebuilding the environmental reality in the country, moving towards the concept of an Ecological State of Brazilian Law.
“…Aspecto marcante do novo constitucionalismo latino-americano é o protagonismo popular antes e depois do processo constituinte, com base na mobilização popular para a formação do poder constituinte permanente, o que o diferencia do constitucionalismo tradicional em que o poder constituído se distancia da participação do povo. 76 75 VICIANO PASTOR, DALMAU, 2010, p. 19. 76 PINHEIRO, BRAUN, FRANCESCHI, 2015 Na tentativa de ultrapassar esta carência de democracia, as necessidades sociais apontaram à obediência de novos processos constituintes, com nova roupagem, que efetivamente se inauguraram na Colômbia, no início dos anos noventa, quando a opinião pública passou a ser fator preponderante, tanto que foi convocado um referendo para aprovar a Constituição desse país.…”
Section: Reconhecimento Jurídico De Novos Sujeitos E Formação De Uma unclassified
Este artigo analisa a insurgência de um novo constitucionalismo na América Latina, visando a inclusão de sujeitos historicamente excluídos pelo “viejo constitucionalismo” e conformando uma nova titularidade ao Poder Constituinte, mais multicultural, pluricultural e plurinacional. Com base nos referenciais teóricos da sociologia das ausências e emergências, filosofia da libertação e corpo dos oprimidos, estrutura-se o pensamento racional cosmopolita hábil a manifestar a incorporação destes sujeitos e, desta forma, há uma manifestação plurinacional presente em alguns dos diplomas constitucionais latino-americanos compatíveis com esta reinserção de alguns grupos dominados, ignorados e vulnerabilizados, inclusive constitucionalmente. Por fim, o trabalho alcançou uma nova formação de soberania popular e, consequentemente, nova titularidade do Poder Constituinte através do reconhecimento jurídico de “novos” sujeitos.
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