LoRaWAN Network Capacity Analysis for Smart Water Grid

Lalle, Yandja; Fourati, Lamia Chaari; Fourati, Mohamed; Barraca, João Paulo

doi:10.1109/csndsp49049.2020.9249623

Cited by 5 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Typically, LoRaWAN supports only one-hop communication between the end-devices and the gateways. As we have shown in our previous work [2], in optimal conditions, one LoRa gateway can manage thousands of end devices. In that case, all these devices will send their data packets through an individual link to the gateway.…”

Section: A Problem Statement and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In our simulations, we used, for both our solution and single hop network, a fixed payload size of 32 byte. This payload is chosen according to the state-of-the-art, especially [2] which stated that, in a smart water grid application, a payload of 32 byte is enough to carry the water consumption data. In the single hop network, the simulation parameters are: TP = 14 dBm which the default value, 868.1 MHz, 868.3 MHz, 868.5 MHz, SF is chosen randomly, BW = 125 KHz, CR = 4/5, B = 32 byte.…”

Section: ) Simulation Parameters and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mentioned obstacles create non-line-of-sight conditions that increase considerably the packet losses. The idea to deploy more LoRaWAN gateways in order to avoid packet losses and also increase the network coverage is not a suitable solution mainly due to three reasons: (1) gateways usually require AC mains power which is not possible in remote areas, (2) The deployment, management, and internet access costs will be very high with the increased number of gateways (3) the suitable places where the gateways will be deployed is also a challenge. Therefore, the use of star topology in current IoT scenarios under-utilizes the available network resources which can be efficiently exploited in order to increase the network coverage, decrease the energy consumption and therefore improve the packet delivery ratio.…”

Section: A Problem Statement and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…R ECENTLY, LPWAN technologies are become the most used communication technologies in IoT scenarios and therefore attract providers, researchers, and technology manufacturers' attention [1] [2]. LoRaWAN, one of the popular LPWANs, is used in various IoT applications such as smart metering [3], remote environmental monitoring [4], smart agriculture [5], healthcare [6], and so forth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LoRaWAN, one of the popular LPWANs, is used in various IoT applications such as smart metering [3], remote environmental monitoring [4], smart agriculture [5], healthcare [6], and so forth. In the abovementioned IoT scenarios, LoRaWAN enables end-devices to transmit data packets to one or more gateway(s) over several kilometers with very low transmission power at the expense of a low data rate [2]. Other features of LoRaWAN include low devices cost, and the possibility to build a private network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

Lalle¹,

Fourati

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are becoming the most suitable communication technologies in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to their low power consumption, long communication range and low cost. Currently, Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most popular LPWANs. Because it offers the possibility to build private networks with an open standard, LoRaWAN is the most deployed LPWAN solution. However, LoRaWAN supports only one-hop communication, that is, the end-devices are connected directly to the gateways. Since LoRa links can be kilometers long, its signals may undergo interference with other radio signals or encounter obstacles such as buildings, trees. In urban areas, to ensure that indoor LoRa devices can successfully transfer data back to remote gateways (GWs), a dense deployment of GWs is required. Unfortunately, the deployment of many GWs increases the network cost. Multi-hop communication can be exploited to increase LoRaWAN network coverage and packet delivery ratio (PDR) without deploying additional GWs. Therefore, in order to improve LoRaWAN performance, different routing approaches have been recently proposed aiming to create LoRaWAN multi-hop networks where some devices can play the role of relay nodes. However, in some use cases like Smart Water Grid (SWG), where nodes are buried underground inside the pipelines, the use of some SWG devices as relay nodes is not efficient in terms of energy consumption. In this paper, we first provide an in-depth survey on different routing protocols proposed for LoRaWAN multi-hop networks followed by a useful comparison between these approaches. Then, to enable efficient peer-2-peer (P2P) communication between end-devices in SWG, we propose a routing protocol based on Software Defined Networking (SDN) where some specific nodes called Relay Nodes (RNs) relay data from leakages detection nodes. In the case where a sensor detects a leak, a signal is sent to shut off the water valve automatically through our routing approach. Through simulations under LoRaSim, our proposed solution outperforms the standard single-hop network in terms of energy consumption and packet error rate. A range of issues, problems are provided and some research directions are suggested.

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Section: A Problem Statement and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: ) Simulation Parameters and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Problem Statement and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

Lalle¹,

Fourati

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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An Automatic Meter Reading System Using Computer Vision Technology and Hydroelectricity Auxiliary Power Supply

Wang

Fanjiang

Hung

et al. 2022

2022 IEEE 11th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE)

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Analysis of LoRaWAN 1.0 and 1.1 Protocols Security Mechanisms

Loukil

Fourati

Nayyar

et al. 2022

Sensors

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LoRaWAN is a low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology protocol introduced by the LoRa Alliance in 2015. It was designed for its namesake features: long range, low power, low data rate, and wide area networks. Over the years, several proposals on protocol specifications have addressed various challenges in LoRaWAN, focusing on its architecture and security issues. All of these specifications must coexist, giving rise to the compatibility issues impacting the sustainability of this technology. This paper studies the compatibility issues in LoRaWAN protocols. First, we detail the different protocol specifications already disclosed by the LoRa Alliance in two major versions, v1.0 and v1.1. This is done through presenting two scenarios where we discuss the communication and security mechanisms. In the first scenario, we describe how an end node (ED) and network server (NS) implementing LoRaWAN v1.0 generate session security keys and exchange messages for v1.0. In the second scenario, we describe how an ED v1.1 and an NS v1.1 communicate after generating security session keys. Next, we highlight the compatibility issues between the components implementing the two different LoRaWAN Specifications (mainly v1.0 and v1.1). Next, we present two new scenarios (scenarios 3 and 4) interchanging the ED and NS versions. In scenario three, we detail how an ED implementing LoRaWAN v1.1 communicates with an NS v1.0. Conversely, in scenario four, we explain how an ED v1.0 and an NS v1.1 communicate. In all these four scenarios, we highlight the concerns with security mechanism: show security session keys are generated and how integrity and confidentiality are guaranteed in LoRaWAN. At the end, we present a comparative table of these four compatibility scenarios.

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LoRaWAN Network Capacity Analysis for Smart Water Grid

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

An Automatic Meter Reading System Using Computer Vision Technology and Hydroelectricity Auxiliary Power Supply

Analysis of LoRaWAN 1.0 and 1.1 Protocols Security Mechanisms

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