Looming vulnerability to threat: A cognitive paradigm for anxiety

Riskind, John H.

doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00011-9

Cited by 150 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Consistent with Riskind's (1997) model of LMS, research has shown that LMS is concurrently associated with severity of anxiety. For example, Riskind et al (1992) showed that among undergraduates with spider phobia, the severity of their fear was related to their tendency to see a still photograph of a spider as quickly moving towards them.…”

Section: Looming Maladaptive Stylementioning

confidence: 73%

“…In an effort to build on previous models of anxiety, Riskind (1997) has proposed that one important, though previously neglected factor in understanding anxiety is an individual's tendency to view threatening events as rapidly intensifying and approaching. Riskind and colleagues refer to this tendency as a looming maladaptive style (LMS).…”

Section: Looming Maladaptive Stylementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Riskind and Williams (2006) describe LMS as a vulnerability that ''function(s) as a danger schema … to produce the typical dynamic cognitive phenomenology of intensifying danger and rapidly rising risk seen in pathological anxiety' ' (p. 180). For example, LMS is distinct from catastrophizing in that it is considered a higher-order factor that may actually lead to catastrophizing, and it emphasizes the rate of change of a threatening stimulus as opposed to just the outcome (Riskind andWilliams 1999, 2006). Thus, LMS appears to be distinct from other cognitive vulnerabilities to anxiety disorders.…”

Section: Looming Maladaptive Stylementioning

confidence: 99%

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Looming Maladaptive Style as a Moderator of Risk Factors for Anxiety

Adler

Strunk

2009

Cogn Ther Res

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Previous efforts to identify risk factors for anxiety have focused on individual differences in the prediction and experience of threatening events. More recently, the looming vulnerability model has emphasized that in order to understand the determinants of anxiety, researchers need to expand their focus on information processing biases to include variability in the tendency to perceive threatening stimuli as rapidly approaching and intensifying (Riskind Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 685-702, 1997). This tendency is known as a looming maladaptive style (LMS). We examined the interaction of traditional risk factors with LMS in predicting change in anxiety symptoms over one month. Participants' tendency to view threatening outcomes as likely was predictive of change in symptoms of anxiety and this predictive relationship was stronger for participants with a greater LMS. Likewise, experiences of threatening events were predictive of change in anxiety and this predictive relationship too was stronger for participants with a greater LMS. Additional analyses suggested that LMS may be particularly important to the course of symptoms of anxiety, as compared to depressive symptoms.

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Section: Looming Maladaptive Stylementioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Looming Maladaptive Stylementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Looming Maladaptive Stylementioning

confidence: 99%

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Looming Maladaptive Style as a Moderator of Risk Factors for Anxiety

Adler

Strunk

2009

Cogn Ther Res

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“…While activity episodes fit with Riskind's (1997) descriptions of anxiety and dynamism, state episodes fit with Riskind's (1997) definitions of depression and perceptions of a fixed threat of which the outcome is already determined. This provides support for overlaps between the experiences of state episodes and experiences of depression.…”

Section: Overlaps With Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic conceptualizations of threat in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Knapton

2015

Lang. cogn.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe mental health problem of a heterogeneous nature. To add to discussions around defining coherent subtypes of OCD, this article uses qualitative, cognitive linguistic analysis to show how episodes of OCD can be differentiated based on their underlying conceptualisations of threat. Spoken narratives of OCD episodes told by people with OCD were analysed using image schema theory and cognitive approaches to deixis in discourse. Through an exploration of the participants' subjective experiences of time, space and uncertainty in their recounted OCD episodes, the findings demonstrate that perceptions of threats fluctuate as OCD episodes unfold, and that it is the perceived movement (or not) of the threat that induces distress. Moreover, the dynamism of the threat is conceptualised differently for different subtypes of OCD. This variation can in part be explained by the role of two image schemas in structuring OCD episodes: the SOURCE-PATH-GOAL image schema and the CONTAINER image schema. It is argued that the blanket notion of threat as often investigated in clinical models of OCD is not sensitive enough to capture these shifting perspectives. It is thus recommended that threat perception in OCD is researched as a dynamic, evolving and highly subjective experience.

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“…The LMSQ-R was developed to assess a general cognitive style, thought to be a unique cognitive vulnerability common to anxiety disorders, which is characterized by the perspec-tive that degree of danger is rapidly intensifying and rising in risk (Riskind, Williams, Gessner, Chrosniak, & Cortina, in press;Riskind & Williams, in press;Riskind, 1997). The measure consists of six brief vignettes of potentially threatening situations followed by eight questions, three of which assess the perception of increasing threat and constitute the looming maladaptive style subscale (Riskind et al, 2000).…”

Section: Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire-revised (Lmsq-r)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures for Anxiety and Related Constructs

Roemer¹

Practitioner’s Guide to Empirically Based Measures of Anxiety

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Original CitationRapee, R. M., Craske, M. G., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Measurement of perceived control over anxiety-related events. Behavior Therapy, 27, 279-293. PurposeTo assess perceived control over emotional reactions and external threats. DescriptionThe ACQ is a relatively new 30-item, factor-analytically derived self-report measure developed specifically to assess perceptions of control over potentially threatening internal and external events and situations. Factor analysis was conducted using a clinical sample of treatment-seeking individuals diagnosed with anxiety disorders. There are two subscales: events, which consists of 16 items, and reactions, which consists of 14 items. Participants are asked to indicate on a six-point Likert scale the degree to which they agree or disagree with

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Looming vulnerability to threat: A cognitive paradigm for anxiety

Cited by 150 publications

References 50 publications

Looming Maladaptive Style as a Moderator of Risk Factors for Anxiety

Looming Maladaptive Style as a Moderator of Risk Factors for Anxiety

Dynamic conceptualizations of threat in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Measures for Anxiety and Related Constructs

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