“…Optimal professional development requires teachers to feel comfortable experimenting, evaluating the impact of their innovations, conversing openly, and establishing rules for effective student learning (Wright et al, 2018). The findings of this study suggest that reforming teacher preparation programs, involving universities in the delivery of professional development, and increasing district/school-level support for teacher training and support that lasts multiple years can all contribute to schools gaining ground in their use of formative assessment (Johnson et al, 2019).…”