Looking for the Ideal Probiotic Healing Regime

Abstract

Wound healing is a multi-factorial response to tissue injury, aiming to restore tissue continuity. Numerous recent experimental and clinical studies clearly indicate that probiotics are applied topically to promote the wound-healing process. However, the precise mechanism by which they contribute to healing is not yet clear. Each strain appears to exert a distinctive, even multi-factorial action on different phases of the healing process. Given that a multi-probiotic formula exerts better results than a single strain, the pharmaceutical industry has embarked on a race for the production of a formulation containing a combination of probiotics capable of playing a role in all the phases of the healing process. Hence, the object of this review is to describe what is known to date of the distinctive mechanisms of each of the most studied probiotic strains in order to further facilitate research toward the development of combinations of strains and doses, covering the whole spectrum of healing. Eleven probiotic species have been analyzed, the only criterion of inclusion being a minimum of two published research articles.

Probiotics in Postoperative Pain Management

“…At the same time, there are quite a lot of clinical studies referring to the reduction in postoperative bloating and the shortening of the time duration up to the first flatus, all indirectly indicating the shortening of the postoperative paralytic ileus [118][119][120]. Both the above [115][116][117][118][119][120] may not have a direct, suppressive effect on the pain originating from abdominal wall trauma, or from the distension of the gut wall, but there are many studies documenting the specific cytokine and other molecular changes which point in that direction.…”

“…According to the current definition, "probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health effect on the host" [114]. Today, many in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that probiotics exert potential suppressive effects on various infectious and inflammatory conditions, thus significantly shortening the inflammatory phase of the wound healing process [115][116][117]. At the same time, there are quite a lot of clinical studies referring to the reduction in postoperative bloating and the shortening of the time duration up to the first flatus, all indirectly indicating the shortening of the postoperative paralytic ileus [118][119][120].…”

“…Probiotic species seem capable of modulating the gut microbiota to prevent or alleviate inflammatory pain, the beneficial effects being the consequence of their multifaceted action: controlling proinflammatory signaling via increased expression of antiinflammatory cytokines, or via directly limiting the bioavailability of specific proinflammatory cytokines [115,127]. The anti-inflammatory IL-10 binds to the IL-10 receptor, with the IL-10R1 being the high-affinity subunit necessary for signal transduction, expressed by astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, and trafficking leukocytes [128].…”

Recent advances of hydrogels as smart dressings for diabetic wounds

“…168 The use of smart hydrogels encapsulated with microorganisms is a popular strategy among researchers. 169 Chlorella vulgaris is an alga that can produce O 2 through photosynthesis, which researchers hope can be used as an exogenous O 2 release agent for diabetic wounds. However, its proliferation may be interfered with the proliferation of diabetic wound bacteria.…”

Probiotics in Wound Healing

“…Probiotics could also impact, at least indirectly, the proliferative phase, stimulating the re-epithelialization and neovascularization of the damaged tissue. The presence of probiotics leads to the stimulation of the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype, followed by the immediate switch to M2, an anti-inflammatory response that promotes angiogenesis and epithelization [ 60 ]. If initially a pro-inflammatory response is necessary for microbial sterilization and the removal of foreign compounds, in the second phase of the healing process, a regression of neutrophils and macrophages is necessary to allow the scar to heal.…”