Looking for the earliest evidence of Ursus arctos LINNAEUS, 1758 in the Iberian Peninsula: the Middle Pleistocene site of Postes cave

Abstract

Brown bears (Ursus arctos) diverged from the cave bear lineage c. 1.2 million years ago and likely originated in Asia, where the oldest fossils belong to a Middle Pleistocene chronology. Brown bear fossils from the Middle Pleistocene are scarce in the Iberian Peninsula, especially when compared to the cave bear record and they are mainly located in the southern half of the peninsula. The oldest evidence in the Iberian Peninsula is from c. 250 ka, which is 300 ka younger than the oldest European records (~550 ka; L’Arago). Here we present the brown bear fossil assemblage from Postes cave (Fuentes de León, Extremadura, southern Iberian Peninsula). Postes cave has yielded some of the oldest evidence for brown bears in Iberia with a minimum date of 244 191±2261 a BP (number of identified specimens (NISP) = 4). Additionally, the uppermost part of the Pleistocene deposit has yielded one of the largest Middle Pleistocene brown bear collections in the Iberian Peninsula (NISP = 73) with a chronology roughly between 193 and 244 ka BP, comprising both cranial and postcranial remains and including a complete hemimandible. The Postes mandible fits well within the Middle Pleistocene brown bear range of variation, as it is significantly different in size and shape from the Holocene brown bears, based on geometric morphometric analyses. We show that these differences are due to allometry. This site provides more insight into the Middle Pleistocene morphological variation of brown bears in western Europe and underscores the need for additional Middle Pleistocene fossils in the northern half of Iberia to further test palaeobiogeographical hypotheses of this species’ entrance into the largest of the southern European peninsulas.

The origins and diversification of Holarctic brown bear populations inferred from genomes of past and present populations

“…The origin of the modern North American population ~100 kya is in accordance with the fossil record; brown bears have a limited history in North America, appearing in eastern Beringia only ~70 kya [51,52]. Fossils in Eurasia are much older (~500 kya), suggesting a Eurasian origin of brown bears [53,54].…”

Covariation of proximal finger and toe phalanges inHomo sapiens: A novel approach to assess covariation of serially corresponding structures

“…A repeatability test was performed following (Villalba de Alvarado et al In press). The big toe phalanges of three randomly chosen individuals were each digitized three times.…”