Looking deep into nature: A review of micro-computed tomography in biomimicry

Plessis, Anton du; Broeckhoven, Chris

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.014

Cited by 62 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a cluster of technological processes which allow building tridimensional objects by adding material, instead of subtracting it, as happens during traditional manufacturing [1,2]. A direct consequence of this new construction paradigm is a radical change of mentality in terms of component design, since it allows realizing geometrical shapes which could be totally new and also inspired by nature (bioinspired, biomimetic, organic design [3]). This freedom of design not only allows optimizing the geometries and reducing the weight of the final parts, but also has a big impact on the final cost of the single part, which is mainly determined by the amount of material used to build the component.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Reuse in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Side Effects of the Laser—Metal Powder Interaction

Santecchia

Spigarelli

Cabibbo

2020

Metals

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Metal additive manufacturing is changing the way in which engineers and designers model the production of three-dimensional (3D) objects, with rapid growth seen in recent years. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is the most used metal additive manufacturing technique, and it is based on the efficient interaction between a high-energy laser and a metal powder feedstock. To make LPBF more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, it is of paramount importance to recycle (reuse) the unfused powder from a build job. However, since the laser-powder interaction involves complex physics phenomena and generates by-products which might affect the integrity of the feedstock and the final build part, a better understanding of the overall process should be attained. The present review paper is focused on the clarification of the interaction between laser and metal powder, with a strong focus on its side effects. Figure 1. Schematics of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) equipment. Adapted from Reference [9] with permission from Elsevier.While the market and the applications of laser powder bed fusion continuously and impressively grew in recent years, there is a common view across users and researchers concerning the repeatability of the process in terms of chemical composition and mechanical properties of the final parts, which are of paramount importance when challenging environmental or testing conditions are considered [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].The most typical approach to study the microstructural and mechanical properties of parts built by LPBF is to compare them with castings of the same alloy or, rather, the corresponding alloy since the starting material is metal powder rather than a fuse. However, in some existing alloys designed for cast and wrought parts, laser additive manufacturing processing results in cracking or other microstructure deficiencies [11,12,16,17]. It is worth noting that LPBF has more similarities with laser welding rather than casting, since the two laser-based techniques have some common features (i.e., melt-pool formation, moving heat source) [18]. However, process parameters are, in general, quite different in terms of laser power and scan speed, and the laser-matter interaction is much more complicated in LPBF processes, since the powder feedstock is inherently unstable and the solidified material undergoes multiple thermal cycles corresponding to the fusion of subsequent layers during the additive process [19][20][21][22]. Furthermore, owing to the similarities with welding and to the complicated interaction between laser and metal particles, when comparing laser powder bed fusion with other metal forming processes, it is evident that the range of processable alloys is very limited and the number of high-productivity commercially available alloys is even smaller [23]. One of the reasons behind this is that the level of metal powder sensitivity to the laser action during LPBF is not yet fully understood, despite the efforts of the scientific community to uncover it [24][25][26][27], and ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Reuse in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Side Effects of the Laser—Metal Powder Interaction

Santecchia

Spigarelli

Cabibbo

2020

Metals

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“…Since this time, scientists have investigated a wide variety of cellular patterns in nature and postulated about their functions [7], summarized in Figure 2. Imaging technology has also greatly improved and now commonly includes X-ray tomography methods [8]. The similarities between Figures 1 and 2 are strongly suggestive of the fact that nature and engineers have both used cellular materials to attain similar objectives.…”

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confidence: 90%

Classification and Selection of Cellular Materials in Mechanical Design: Engineering and Biomimetic Approaches

Bhate

Penick

Ferry

et al. 2019

Designs

122

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Recent developments in design and manufacturing have greatly expanded the design space for functional part production by enabling control of structural details at small scales to inform behavior at the whole-structure level. This can be achieved with cellular materials, such as honeycombs, foams and lattices. Designing structures with cellular materials involves answering an important question: What is the optimum unit cell for the application of interest? There is currently no classification framework that describes the spectrum of cellular materials, and no methodology to guide the designer in selecting among the infinite list of possibilities. In this paper, we first review traditional engineering methods currently in use for selecting cellular materials in design. We then develop a classification scheme for the different types of cellular materials, dividing them into three levels of design decisions: tessellation, element type and connectivity. We demonstrate how a biomimetic approach helps a designer make decisions at all three levels. The scope of this paper is limited to the structural domain, but the methodology developed here can be extended to the design of components in thermal, fluid, optical and other areas. A deeper purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how traditional methods in design can be combined with a biomimetic approach.

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“…The advent of personal computers and digital technology in the twentieth century has allowed the emergence of new digital tools useful in paleontological research, including new software for image analysis and computational analysis (Jablonski and Shubin, 2015;du Plessis and Broeckhoven, 2019). This "digital revolution" took place in the mid-2000s, when there was already performed research with X-ray computed tomography (XCT) data in the paleontological field (Cunningham et al, 2014;Sutton et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The new digital tools have allowed surpassing the frontiers of knowledge in many fields, which have opened new horizons of research in many disciplines (du Plessis and Broeckhoven, 2019). In the case of paleontology, this "digital revolution" has substantially changed the way of analyzing the scientific material, generating new fields of research at different levels of analysis that were previously inaccessible (Racicot, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an “Ancient” Virtual World: Improvement Methods on X-ray CT Data Processing and Virtual Reconstruction of Fossil Skulls

Pérez‐Ramos

Figueirido

2020

Front. Earth Sci.

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This article focuses on new virtual advances to solve technical problems usually encountered by paleontologists when using X-ray computed tomography (XCT), such as (i) the limited scanning envelope (i.e., field of view of CT systems/machines) to acquire data on large structures; (ii) the use in the same study of biological objects acquired with different types of computed tomography systems (medical and laboratory XCTs and laboratory high-resolution XµCT) and therefore different resolutions; and (iii) matrix removal within the fossil (e.g., cranial cavities, intratrabecular cavities, among other cavities). All these problems are very common in paleontology, and therefore, solving them is important to save effort and the time invested in data processing. In this article, we propose various solutions to tackle these issues, based on new technical advances focused on improving and processing the images obtained from XCT. Other aspects include image filtering and histogram calibration to remove background noise and artifacts. Such artifacts can result from dense mineral inclusion occurring during the fossilization process or derived from anthropogenic restoration of the sample. Accordingly, here, we provide a protocol to acquire data on samples with size that exceed the scanning envelope of the X-ray tomography machine, joining the parts with enough accuracy, and we propose the use of the interpolation "bicubic" method. Moreover, using this method, it is possible to use medical/laboratory XCT data together with XµCT data and therefore opening new ways to manipulate the acquired data within the image stack. Another advantage is the use of plugins for quantitative analysis, which require data with isometric voxels, such as the plugin BoneJ of the software ImageJ. We also deal with the problem of removing the exogenous material that usually fills the internal cavities of fossils by means of using filters based on edge detection by gradient. Applying this method, it is possible to segment the non-bony matrix parts more quickly and efficiently. All of this is exemplified using five fossil skulls belonging to the cave bear group (Ursus spelaeus sensu lato), an iconic fossil species from the Pleistocene of Eurasia.

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Looking deep into nature: A review of micro-computed tomography in biomimicry

Cited by 62 publications

References 92 publications

Material Reuse in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Side Effects of the Laser—Metal Powder Interaction

Material Reuse in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Side Effects of the Laser—Metal Powder Interaction

Classification and Selection of Cellular Materials in Mechanical Design: Engineering and Biomimetic Approaches

Toward an “Ancient” Virtual World: Improvement Methods on X-ray CT Data Processing and Virtual Reconstruction of Fossil Skulls

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