Looking Beyond Collaboration: Socioemotional Positive, Negative and Task-Oriented Behaviors in Human–Robot Group Interactions

Robo Ludens

“…Cooperative gameplay means the players have operated together towards achieving a common goal by, for instance, dividing the work among the co-operators Collaborative learning by means of serious multiplayer games [92]. For instance, the Emys robot cooperates with players by teaming with individual subjects and trying to score together the highest amount of points by combining their efforts at the end of the game [55]. In contrast, collaborative gameplay requires a more cohesive relationship between players towards achieving a shared objective [92].…”

“…Finally, robots can also be excellent competitors when empowered with enough information about game rules and others. Only one of the reviewed papers used two Emys head robots to compete against two human-players [55]. (2) Trainer, Tutor/Mentor or Teacher: Research has shown that using robots to support learning processes can provide positive experiences and improve performance in learners [63].…”

“…Two robot heads were used as entertainment vehicles in multiplayer games. Two Emys played a card game with two human players while exploring differences in cooperative and competitive modes [55] while the Furhat robot was used in a team-building game with two human players to examine behavioral patterns [30]. Similarly, SPRITE the robot was used in a team-building game with children looking at encouraging team cohesiveness and participation through entertainment games with fantasy-like themes.…”

When a Robot Is Your Teammate

“…Lastly, we performed a behavioral analysis on the data collected in the aforementioned (Raque et al, 2018;Oliveira, Arriaga, Correia, & Paiva, 2020), using a coding scheme based on Bales Interaction Process Analysis (Bales, 1950). We found that the structure of the group's communication is different according to the goal orientation of the robot and according to 538 F. Correia, F. S. Melo, A. Paiva / Topics in Cognitive Science 16 (2024) Table 2 Analysis of the first use case (Correia et al, 2017a;Correia et al, 2017bCorreia et al, , 2018b -Choice of robot for hypothetical future game their roles.…”

“…Lastly, we performed a behavioral analysis on the data collected in the aforementioned (Raque et al, 2018; Oliveira, Arriaga, Correia, & Paiva, 2020), using a coding scheme based on Bales Interaction Process Analysis (Bales, 1950). We found that the structure of the group's communication is different according to the goal orientation of the robot and according to their roles.…”