Looking Across Domains to Understand Infant Representation of Emotion

Quinn, Paul C.; Anzures, Gizelle; Izard, Carroll E.; Lee, Kang; Pascalis, Olivier; Slater, Alan; Tanaka, James W.

doi:10.1177/1754073910387941

Cited by 71 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…Gender and race are both perceptible to infants by three to four months of age (see Quinn et al, 2011, for review), and so it is somewhat surprising that our (much older) participants were more attuned to individuals’ gender than to their race. However, the present findings are in accordance with mounting evidence that gender is a more meaningful social distinction than race early in development (see Kinzler, Shutts, & Correll, 2010, and Shutts, 2013, for review).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Infants can distinguish faces by gender and race (Quinn et al, 2011), and children use gender and race to guide their social preferences and inferences about other people (Aboud, 1988; Ruble, Martin, & Berenbaum, 2006). An abundance of research on attitudes and stereotypes shows that adults are highly attuned to both gender and race (Nelson, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Young children's automatic encoding of social categories

Weisman

Johnson

Shutts

2014

Developmental Science

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The present research investigated young children’s automatic encoding of two social categories that are highly relevant to adults: gender and race. Three- to six-year-old participants learned facts about unfamiliar target children who varied in either gender or race and were asked to remember which facts went with which targets. When participants made mistakes, they were more likely to confuse targets of the same gender than targets of different genders, but they were equally likely to confuse targets within and across racial groups. However, a social preference measure indicated that participants were sensitive to both gender and race information. Participants with more racial diversity in their social environments were more likely to encode race, but did not have stronger racial preferences. These findings provide evidence that young children do not automatically encode all perceptible features of others. Further, gender may be a more fundamental social category than race.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young children's automatic encoding of social categories

Weisman

Johnson

Shutts

2014

Developmental Science

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“…Theoretically, infants may look longer at the colors because of factors other than liking-for instance, complexity, salience, or novelty (Franklin, Gibbons, Chittenden, Taylor, & Alvarez, 2012)-and looking may become associated with liking later in development. One current challenge in infant research is how to measure whether a young infant has an emotional response or "likes" something (Quinn et al, 2011). One possibility is to measure infants' affect via behavioral responses to stimuli, such as facial expressions (e.g., using an electromyographic measure).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color preferences in infants and adults are different

et al. 2013

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Adults commonly prefer blues most and greenish yellows least, but these hue preferences interact with lightness and saturation (e.g., dark yellow is particularly disliked: Palmer & Schloss (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: [8877][8878][8879][8880][8881][8882] 2010)). Here, we tested for a similar hue-by-lightness interaction in infant looking preferences, to determine whether adult preferences are evident early in life. We measured looking times for both infants and adults in the same paired-comparison task using all possible pairs of eight colors: four hues (red/yellow/green/blue) at two lightness levels (dark/light). The adult looking data were strikingly similar to other adults' explicit preference responses, indicating for the first time that adults look longer at colors that they like. Infants showed a significant hue-by-lightness interaction, but it was quite different from the adult pattern. In particular, infants had a stronger looking preference for dark yellow and a weaker preference for light blue than did adults. The findings are discussed in relation to theories on the origins of color preference.

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“…Several studies have examined the first requisite skill (discrimination), illustrating that infants younger than 10 months can discriminate between particular facial expressions, like happiness and fear (e.g., Bornstein & Arterberry, 2003; for a review, see Quinn et al, 2011). However, infants' perceptual categorization of facial expressions remains understudied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental changes in infants’ categorization of anger and disgust facial expressions.

Ruba

Johnson

Harris

et al. 2017

Developmental Psychology

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For decades, scholars have examined how children first recognize emotional facial expressions. This research has found that infants younger than 10-months can discriminate negative, within-valence facial expressions in looking time tasks, while children older than 24-months struggle to categorize these expressions in labeling and free-sort tasks. Specifically, these older children, and even adults, consistently misidentify disgust expressions as anger. While some scholars have hypothesized that young infants would also be unable to categorize anger and disgust expressions, this question has not been empirically tested. In addition, very little research has examined developmental changes in infants' perceptual categorization abilities with high arousal, within-valence emotions. For this reason, the current study tested 10-and 18-month-olds in a looking time task and found that both age groups could perceptually categorize anger and disgust facial expressions. Furthermore, 18-month-olds showed a heightened sensitivity to novel anger expressions, suggesting that, over the second year of life, infants' emotion categorization skills undergo developmental change. These findings are the first to demonstrate that young infants can categorize anger and disgust facial expressions and document how this skill develops and changes over time.

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Looking Across Domains to Understand Infant Representation of Emotion

Cited by 71 publications

References 94 publications

Young children's automatic encoding of social categories

Young children's automatic encoding of social categories

Color preferences in infants and adults are different

Developmental changes in infants’ categorization of anger and disgust facial expressions.

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