Longitudinal Study of the Development of Derived Relations in an Infant

Temporal Relations and Intelligence: Correlating Relational Performance With Performance on the Wais-III

“…As an explanation, however, the former is preferable from a behavioral perspective, because relational responding is a discrete malleable behavioral process that can be trained and improved. Indeed, a number of studies have trained derived relational responding in young children using specific behavioral interventions (Lipkens, Hayes, & Hayes, 1993;Peláez et al, 2000). Nevertheless, further research is required to decide between the two alternative hypotheses supported by the current study.…”

“…In one longitudinal study, Lipkens, Hayes, and Hayes (1993) tested a single child for stimulus equivalence over 7 months, from 16 months to 23 months of age, and found that although symmetry was present at 16 months, equivalence was not observed until 23 months and with considerable training. Devany, Hayes, and Nelson (1986), attempted to demonstrate stimulus equivalence in three groups of children: one group (Group 1) consisted of normally developing children between 2 and 3 years of age; a second group (Group 2) consisted of developmentally delayed children, matched with Group 1 for mental age, who used speech or signs spontaneously and appropriately; and a final group (Group 3) consisted of developmentally delayed children, matched for mental age, who did not demonstrate these language behaviors.…”

Understanding False Belief as Generalized Operant Behavior

“…, 2001;Hayes & Hayes, 1992). From this perspective, repertoires of derived naming or name-object symmetry are among the first relational skills to develop (Lipl<ens, Hayes, & Hayes, 1993). For instance, on hearing the spoken word "doll" emitted by a caregiver, reinforcement may be provided to an infant for orienting in the direction of, or pointing to, the doll.…”

Prejudice, terrorism, and behavior therapy

“…A normal human adult who learns that q goes with y and that p goes with y will derive that q goes with p and that p goes with q. Derived relations of this kind are relatively primitive behaviors, evident even with young human infants (Lipkens, Hayes, & Hayes, 1993). They are central to how humans use words -if a round object is a "ball" then a "ball" is that round object -and a variety of studies suggest that human language is dependent on these processes (see Hayes et al, 2001, for a review).…”