Longitudinal predictors of bipolar spectrum disorders: A behavioral approach system perspective.

Alloy, Lauren B.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Urošević, Snežana; Bender, Rachel E.; Wagner, Clara

doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01160.x

Cited by 54 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 145 publications

(254 reference statements)

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“…One cognitive difference found was that BSD patients had significantly more negative goal attainment dysfunctional attitudes on the DAS than unipolar depression patients while euthymic (Lam et al, 2004). This finding is consistent with the behavioral approach system (BAS) hyper-sensitivity model of BSD, which accounts for the occurrence of both hypomanic/manic and depressive episodes (Alloy et al, 2009; Alloy and Abramson, 2010; Depue and Iacono, 1989; Johnson, 2005; Urosević et al, 2008). The BAS is a motivational system linked to goal-striving and approach to rewards (Gray, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Self-referent information processing in individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders

Adams

Shapero

Pendergast

et al. 2014

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Background Bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) are common and impairing, which has led to an examination of risk factors for their development and maintenance. Historically, research has examined cognitive vulnerabilities to BSDs derived largely from the unipolar depression literature. Specifically, theorists propose that dysfunctional information processing guided by negative self-schemata may be a risk factor for depression. However, few studies have examined whether BSD individuals also show self-referent processing biases. Methods This study examined self-referent information processing differences between 66 individuals with and 58 individuals without a BSD in a young adult sample (age M = 19.65, SD = 1.74; 62% female; 47% Caucasian). Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to examine multivariate effects of BSD diagnosis on 4 self-referent processing variables (self-referent judgments, response latency, behavioral predictions, and recall) in response to depression-related and nondepression-related stimuli. Results Bipolar individuals endorsed and recalled more negative and fewer positive self-referent adjectives, as well as made more negative and fewer positive behavioral predictions. Many of these information-processing biases were partially, but not fully, mediated by depressive symptoms. Limitations Our sample was not a clinical or treatment-seeking sample, so we cannot generalize our results to clinical BSD samples. No participants had a bipolar I disorder at baseline. Conclusions This study provides further evidence that individuals with BSDs exhibit a negative self-referent information processing bias. This may mean that those with BSDs have selective attention and recall of negative information about themselves, highlighting the need for attention to cognitive biases in therapy.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Early research examining the predictors of BSDs has been largely based on theories of unipolar depressive disorders (Alloy et al, 2005, 2006a, 2009). In the depression literature, two of the most influential theories of cognitive vulnerability (CV) are Beck’s (1976, 1987) theory and the Hopelessness theory (Abramson et al, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-referent information processing in individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders

Adams

Shapero

Pendergast

et al. 2014

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…There is accumulating evidence that vulnerability to BD is related to an increased sensitivity to cues of potential reward and reinforcement which is hypothesized to be linked to a dysregulation in the behavioural approach system (BAS; see therefore Alloy and Abramson 2010;Alloy et al 2009Alloy et al , 2012Johnson 2005). BAS-activating events like success may therefore trigger symptoms of mania whereas BASdeactivating events (e.g.…”

Section: Bipolar Disorder and Social Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Are Social Comparisons Detrimental for the Mood and Self-Esteem of Individuals with an Affective Disorder?

2014

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The current study tested whether experimentally induced social comparisons affect mood and self-esteem in euthymic unipolar and bipolar patients, compared to participants without any history of affective disorders. It was predicted that unfavourable upward comparisons with feedback that another person was performing better would have a negative effect on implicit self-esteem and explicit mood (positive and negative affect) in unipolar patients. We further predicted that favourable downward social comparisons with feedback that another person was performing worse will enhance mood and self-esteem, especially in bipolar patients. Participants were randomly assigned to upward or downward social comparison in a brainstorming task. As was expected, after upward comparison, negative affect increased, whereas positive affect decreased in all groups. After downward comparison, positive affect initially increased in unipolar and healthy subjects, while in bipolar patients no significant change in positive affect was observed. Implicit self-esteem generally showed an unexpected decrease regardless of the comparison condition and group. Remitted bipolar patients seemed to be less sensitive to positive feedback which may reflect 'dampening' of positive affect which has been observed before in bipolar patients.

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“…In the more than 40 years since the publication of Costello’s seminal article, research on low reward sensitivity and reward processing in depression has burgeoned, and reward or Behavioral Approach System (BAS; Gray, 1994) hyposensitivity is now one of the prominent models of major depression (Pizzagalli, 2014; Treadway & Zald, 2013). Similarly, the BAS or reward hypersensitivity model has become one of the leading biopsychosocial theories of the onset and course of bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs; Alloy & Abramson, 2010; Alloy, Abramson, Urošević, Bender, & Wagner, 2009; Alloy, Nusslock, & Boland, 2015; Depue & Iacono, 1989; Johnson, 2005; Johnson, Edge, Holmes, & Carver, 2012; Urošević, Abramson, Harmon-Jones, & Alloy, 2008). Consequently, in homage to Costello’s recognition of the importance of the reward system in depression, in this article, we provide a model and up-to-date review of the role of reward sensitivity and processing in the onset and course of the full range of mood disorders--both unipolar depression and BSDs.…”

Section: Costello’s Legacy: Loss Of Reinforcers or Reinforcer Effectimentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Reward Sensitivity and Processing in Major Depressive and Bipolar Spectrum Disorders

et al. 2016

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Since Costello’s (1972) seminal Behavior Therapy article on loss of reinforcers or reinforcer effectiveness in depression, the role of reward sensitivity and processing in both depression and bipolar disorder has become a central area of investigation. In this article, we review the evidence for a model of reward sensitivity in mood disorders, with unipolar depression characterized by reward hyposensitivity and bipolar disorders by reward hypersensitivity. We address whether aberrant reward sensitivity and processing are correlates of, mood-independent traits of, vulnerabilities for, and/or predictors of the course of depression and bipolar spectrum disorders, covering evidence from self-report, behavioral, neurophysiological, and neural levels of analysis. We conclude that substantial evidence documents that blunted reward sensitivity and processing are involved in unipolar depression and heightened reward sensitivity and processing are characteristic of hypomania/mania. We further conclude that aberrant reward sensitivity has a trait component, but more research is needed to clearly demonstrate that reward hyposensitivity and hypersensitivity are vulnerabilities for depression and bipolar disorder, respectively. Moreover, additional research is needed to determine whether bipolar depression is similar to unipolar depression and characterized by reward hyposensitivity, or whether like bipolar hypomania/mania, it involves reward hypersensitivity.

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Longitudinal predictors of bipolar spectrum disorders: A behavioral approach system perspective.

Cited by 54 publications

References 145 publications

Self-referent information processing in individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders

Self-referent information processing in individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders

Are Social Comparisons Detrimental for the Mood and Self-Esteem of Individuals with an Affective Disorder?

Role of Reward Sensitivity and Processing in Major Depressive and Bipolar Spectrum Disorders

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