Longitudinal changes in IgG levels among COVID-19 recovered patients: A prospective cohort study

Alzaabi, Ashraf; Ahmed, Luai A.; Rabooy, Abdulla E.; Zaabi, Ali Al; Alkaabi, Mohammed; AlMahmoud, Falah; Hamed, Mai Farouk; Bashaeb, Khalid; Bakhsh, A.R.; Adil, Suha; Elmajed, Nadeen; Abousalha, Ahmed Nigm; Uwaydah, Ahmad Kanaan; Mazrouei, K. Al

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251159

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…No correlations were found between sPLA2 and CRB and D-dimer levels and the leukocyte count [ 34 ]. At the same time, positive correlations between sPLA2-IIA levels and NEWS2 indicators and glucose levels, and negative correlations between urea creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, hematocrit, and hemoglobin saturation were determined, which also confirms the dependence of sPLA2-IIA on the severity of COVID-19 infection [ 14 , 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Central to the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease is immune dysfunction with a pronounced uncontrolled generalized systemic inflammatory reaction due to increased production of inflammatory cytokines, known as a cytokine storm (CS). A CS is accompanied by fever, cytopenia, hyperferritinemia, abnormal liver parameters, coagulopathy, and lung damage (including ARDS) [ 14 ]. In all these conditions, the cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, IFN-γ, and IL-6 are the main mediators of hyperinflammation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Interleukin-6 Levels as Predictive Markers of the Severity and Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Infections

Urazov

Chernov

Попов

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. COVID-19 patients need immediate diagnosis and rehabilitation, which makes it urgent to identify new protein markers for a prognosis of the severity and outcome of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and secretory phospholipase (sPLA2) in the blood of patients regarding the severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection. The study included clinical and biochemical data obtained from 158 patients with COVID-19 treated at St. Petersburg City Hospital No. 40. A detailed clinical blood test was performed on all patients, as well as an assessment of IL-6, sPLA2, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), APTT, fibrinogen, procalcitonin, D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRB), ferritin, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) levels. It was found that the levels of PLA2, IL-6, APTV, AST, CRP, LDH, IL-6, D-dimer, and ferritin, as well as the number of neutrophils, significantly increased in patients with mild to severe COVID-19 infections. The levels of IL-6 were positively correlated with APTT; the levels of AST, LDH, CRP, D-dimer, and ferritin; and the number of neutrophils. The increase in the level of sPLA2 was positively correlated with the levels of CRP, LDH, D-dimer, and ferritin, the number of neutrophils, and APTT, and negatively correlated with the levels of GFR and lymphocytes. High levels of IL-6 and PLA2 significantly increase the risk of a severe course by 13.7 and 2.24 times, and increase the risk of death from COVID-19 infection by 14.82 and 5.32 times, respectively. We have shown that the blood levels of sPLA2 and IL-6 increase in cases which eventually result in death and when patients are transferred to the ICU (as the severity of COVID-19 infection increases), showing that IL-6 and sPLA2 can be considered as early predictors of aggravation of COVID-19 infections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Interleukin-6 Levels as Predictive Markers of the Severity and Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Infections

Urazov

Chernov

Попов

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…Our results show that COVID-19 IgG antibodies lasted for more than a year in some participants but declined quickly for others. Similar trends have been seen and it remains unclear why only some individuals develop a sustained IgG response after infection [ 24 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ]. We have not been able to clearly identify any food groups or nutrients that could affect the longevity of antibodies in the blood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

A Pilot Study to Examine If Dietary Habits Can Affect Symptomology in Mild Pre-Vaccination COVID-19 Cases

McDaid

Chopra

2022

Biology

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The heterogeneity of the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 experienced by the young and healthy individuals is poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to mainly examine whether the respective diets and the type of symptoms experienced by patients are predictive of having long COVID-19. Disease severity was assessed with a symptomatology questionnaire and used to group 55 participants in asymptomatic (AS), mild symptoms (S) and long COVID (LC). We found that experiencing a higher number of symptoms as well as fatigue were predictors of developing LC whereas those who experienced rhinorrhea were less likely to develop LC. Blood samples were also taken to measure vitamin D [25 (OH)D] concentrations and duration of spike IgG antibodies. In this study, serum 25 (OH)D was not significantly different between 3 symptom groups with median (IQR) ng/mL levels of 22.0 (12.3) in the AS, 22.3 (7.5) in S, and 24.9 (9.4) in the LC group (p ≥ 0.05). The duration of IgG antibody response was found to vary greatly, with some individuals showing raised IgG over a year after infection. To examine whether dietary factors can influence the severity of symptoms, diet was analysed using 4–7-day food diaries as well as a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Some nutrients such as vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, and iron were associated with lower severity of COVID-19. Lower intake of vitamin E was associated with having LC with a median (IQR) intake of 6.2 mg (3.8) seen in LC vs. 8.6 mg (7.2) in the AS group (p = 0.047). This pilot study has highlighted a few differences in the number and type of symptoms experienced by the young non-hospitalised individuals with mild and long COVID-19 and identified a few dietary components for their potential protective role against long COVID-19, however, the findings need to be confirmed with further large scale studies.

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“…IgG is a biomarker for sustainable longer-term immunity [21] . The IgG response in our cohort was more robust.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Response to Conventional COVID-19 Vaccines in a Cohort of Pakistani Healthy Recipients

Al‐Raddadi¹,

Rehman²,

Farhad³

et al. 2023

IJPS

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged at the end of 2019 from China and less than half a year was declared as a pandemic [1] . A rapid increase in the number of cases and deaths urged the scientific community to respond quickly and deal with the virus in a dual strategy: Treat the sick and find ways to halt the spread of the disease [2] . Vaccines got the spotlight and with an exceptional pace, different vaccine candidates were launched [3] . The incidence of COVID-19 related hospitalizations and deaths was reduced drastically upon the use of vaccines [4] .Vaccines were thought at first to prevent from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection [5] . This seemed quite desirable and achievable at the start. But as more and more people got vaccinated, certain breaches occurred, though less common but significant importance was noted. Breakthrough infections were one such concern that shifted the focus much on symptomatology of the disease after many studies reported cases of infections within 1-7 d following vaccination [6,7] . It was established that "the vaccine provides protection Al-Raddadi et al.: Immunological Response to COVID-19 Vaccines in Pakistani Healthy Recipients Coronavirus disease 2019 mass vaccination has led to drastic reduction in hospitalizations and mortality. A number of case reports have emerged reporting coronavirus disease 2019 infection within days following vaccination. There is a need to understand development of immune antibodies in the early post-vaccination period. A prospective analysis of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G kinetics was conducted during the first 28 d following vaccination with either CanSino or Sinovac vaccines in a cohort of 40 healthy volunteers. Serial blood samples were collected from the volunteers right before the first dose of vaccine (d 0) and then on d 4, d 7, d 14, d 21, d 24 and d 28 post-vaccination. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, circulating anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor binding domain immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies were analyzed. Most vaccine recipients (31/40) did not develop any circulating immunoglobulin M. The remaining 9 recipients showed a typical immunoglobulin M curve with antibodies appearing on d 4, peaking on d 7 and declining on d 21 and beyond. Immunoglobulin G response was more typical within 38/40 recipients showing the appearance of immunoglobulin G on d 4, which continued till the end of the study period. This study demonstrates that vaccine-induced immunoglobulin M-based immunity cannot be relied during the first few days following vaccination and more time is needed to have a better picture of the real situation.

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Longitudinal changes in IgG levels among COVID-19 recovered patients: A prospective cohort study

Cited by 9 publications

References 19 publications

Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Interleukin-6 Levels as Predictive Markers of the Severity and Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Infections

Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Interleukin-6 Levels as Predictive Markers of the Severity and Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Infections

A Pilot Study to Examine If Dietary Habits Can Affect Symptomology in Mild Pre-Vaccination COVID-19 Cases

Immunological Response to Conventional COVID-19 Vaccines in a Cohort of Pakistani Healthy Recipients

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