Longitudinal changes in body composition in older men and women: role of body weight change and physical activity

Hughes, Virginia; Frontera, Walter R.; Roubenoff, Ronenn; Evans, William J.; Singh, Maria A. Fiatarone

doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.2.473

Cited by 659 publications

(458 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…(13) Height loss also appears to be related to sarcopenia, (32) which is defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with aging and is associated with weight loss (40)(41)(42)(43) and increased mortality. (33)(34)(35) We found increased mortality associated with marked HL due to CHD or stroke and respiratory diseases, but no increased cancer mortality. Kado et al reported that hyperkyphotic posture was specifically associated with increased rate of death due to atherosclerosis.…”

Section: Journal Of Bone and Mineral Researchmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…(32) The increased risk of CHD and all-cause mortality associated with height loss may thus reflect poor muscular strength and skeletal muscle mass loss from aging (sarcopenia), both of which have been shown to be predictors of mortality. (33)(34)(35) Wannamethee et al also discussed the idea that height loss might serve as a marker for sarcopenia and frailty. (24) Hyperkyphosis, commonly used as a marker of aging, is frequently observed in the elderly.…”

Section: Journal Of Bone and Mineral Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Height loss starting in middle age predicts increased mortality in the elderly

Masunari

Fujiwara

Kasagi

et al. 2011

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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The purpose of this study was to determine the mortality risk among Japanese men and women with height loss starting in middle age, taking into account lifestyle and physical factors. A total of 2498 subjects (755 men and 1743 women) aged 47 to 91 years old underwent physical examinations during the period 1994 to 1995. Those individuals were followed for mortality status through 2003. Mortality risk was estimated using an age-stratified Cox proportional hazards model. In addition to sex, adjustment factors such as radiation dose, lifestyle, and physical factors measured at the baseline-including smoking status, alcohol intake, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and diagnosed diseases-were used for analysis of total mortality and mortality from each cause of death. There were a total of 302 all-cause deaths, 46 coronary heart disease and stroke deaths, 58 respiratory deaths including 45 pneumonia deaths, and 132 cancer deaths during the follow-up period. Participants were followed for 20,787 person-years after baseline. Prior history of vertebral deformity and hip fracture were not associated with mortality risk. However, more than 2 cm of height loss starting in middle age showed a significant association with all-cause mortality among the study participants (HR ¼ 1.76, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.38, p ¼ 0.0002), after adjustment was made for sex, attained age, atomic-bomb radiation exposure, and lifestyle and physical factors. Such height loss also was significantly associated with death due to coronary heart disease or stroke (HR ¼ 3.35, 95% CI 1.63 to 6.86, p ¼ 0.0010), as well as respiratory-disease death (HR ¼ 2.52, 95% CI 1.25 to 5.22, p ¼ 0.0130), but not cancer death. Continuous HL also was associated with all-cause mortality and CHD-or stroke-caused mortality. Association between height loss and mortality was still significant, even after excluding persons with vertebral deformity. Height loss of more than 2 cm starting in middle age was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory-disease mortality among the elderly, even after adjusting for potential risk factors. ß

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Section: Journal Of Bone and Mineral Researchmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Journal Of Bone and Mineral Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Height loss starting in middle age predicts increased mortality in the elderly

Masunari

Fujiwara

Kasagi

et al. 2011

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…These age-related changes are observed in healthy, active adults who are 50 years and older (Hughes et al, 2002). The prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults under the age of 70 years is about 25% and increases to 40% in adults 80 years or older (Baumgartner et al, 1998).…”

Section: Sarcopeniamentioning

confidence: 88%

Age-related muscle dysfunction

Thompson

2009

Experimental Gerontology

194

170

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Aging is associated with a progressive decline of muscle mass, strength, and quality, a condition described as sarcopenia of aging. Despite the significance of skeletal muscle atrophy, the mechanisms responsible for the deterioration of muscle performance are only partially understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight cellular, molecular and biochemical changes that contribute to age-related muscle weakness. Keywordsactin; myosin; aged muscle; enzymatic activity; oxidative modifications SarcopeniaAging is associated with a progressive decline of muscle mass, strength, and quality, a condition described as sarcopenia. These age-related changes are observed in healthy, active adults who are 50 years and older (Hughes et al., 2002). The prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults under the age of 70 years is about 25% and increases to 40% in adults 80 years or older (Baumgartner et al., 1998). Sarcopenia represents a risk factor for frailty, loss of independence, and physical disability (Roubenoff, 2000). Loss of mobility resulting from muscle loss predicts major physical disability and mortality, and is associated with poor quality of life, social needs, and health care needs (Fried and Guralnik, 1997). The economic impact of sarcopenia and its detrimental correlates are immense (Janssen et al., 2004). Thus, understanding the mechanisms leading to muscle dysfunction (e.g., weakness) at advanced age represents a high public health priority. The purpose of this article is to highlight cellular, molecular, and biochemical changes that contribute to age-related muscle dysfunction. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Muscle physiology-short reviewFor skeletal muscle, the control of force has to be accurate and precise with the contractile machinery being switched on and off rapidly to allow for complex coordinated movements. Action potentials initiated at the neuromuscular junction propagate along the length of the fiber and the transverse tubules. As the wave of depolarization passes down the transverse tubules there is an interaction with the sarcoplasmic reticulum that results in the release of calcium, initiating the interaction of actin and myosin and muscle contraction. This process is known as excitation-contraction coupling. Thus, age-related structural changes or chemical modifications in proteins that affect excitation-contraction coupling are likely to influence muscle function.The basic contractile unit of muscle, the myofibril, consists of a linear array of sarcomeres, which contains interdigitating myosin and actin fila...

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“…[17][18][19] Even without body weight changes, the amount of fat significantly increases with age. 20 It has been shown that in men and women, in normal weight and in obese subjects, body weight tends to increase, peaking at about age 65 y in men and later in women, and then decreasing with further aging.…”

Section: Effects Of Aging On Body Composition and Fat Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions

et al. 2005

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Obesity prevalence is growing progressively even among older age groups. Controversy exists about the potential harms of obesity in the elderly. Debate persists about the relation between obesity in old age and total or disease-specific mortality, the definition of obesity in the elderly, its clinical relevance, and about the need for its treatment. Knowledge of age-related body composition and fat distribution changes will help us to better understand the relationships between obesity, morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Review of the literature supports that central fat and relative loss of fat-free mass may become relatively more important than BMI in determining the health risk associated with obesity in older ages. Weight gain or fat redistribution in older age may still confer adverse health risks (for earlier mortality, comorbidities conferring independent adverse health risks, or for functional decline). Evaluation of comorbidity and weight history should be performed in the elderly in order to generate a comprehensive assessment of the potential adverse health effects of overweight or obesity. The risks of obesity in the elderly have been underestimated by a number of confounders such as survival effect, competing mortalities, relatively shortened life expectancy in older persons, smoking, weight change and unintentional weight loss. Identification of elderly subjects with sarcopenic obesity is probably clinically relevant, but the definition of sarcopenic obesity, the benefits of its clinical identification, as well as its relation to clinical consequences require further study. Studies on the effect of voluntary weight loss in the elderly are scarce, but they suggest that even small amounts of weight loss (between 5-10% of initial body weight) may be beneficial. In older as well as in younger adults, voluntary weight loss may help to prevent the adverse health consequences of obesity.

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Longitudinal changes in body composition in older men and women: role of body weight change and physical activity

Cited by 659 publications

References 47 publications

Height loss starting in middle age predicts increased mortality in the elderly

Height loss starting in middle age predicts increased mortality in the elderly

Age-related muscle dysfunction

Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions

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