Longitudinal Change of Perceived Salt Intake and Stroke Risk in a Chinese Population

Li, Yun; Huang, Ze; Jin, Cheng; Xing, Aijun; Liu, Yesong; Huangfu, Chunmei; Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Tucker, Katherine L.; Wu, Shouling; Gao, Xiang

doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.020277

Cited by 58 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…First, the most important limitation is that the information of salt diet in this study is obtained via self‐report, which is not as representative as 24‐h urinary sodium excretion for estimating daily salt intake. However, the positive correlation between high perceived salt intake and 24‐h urinary sodium excretion has been confirmed in previous studies ( 12,20 ) . Second, the present study lacked detailed information on dietary intake and did not adjust for potential dietary confounding factors (such as total energy, total fat intake, etc.).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…In conclusion, the results of the present study show that a high salt intake was positively associated with the risk of PLC. A high salt intake is related not only to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases ( 12,13 ) , but also to the development of PLC. Therefore, advocating a low salt diet was advantageous for decreasing the risk of chronic diseases, and providing new directions and ideas for the prevention and control of PLC in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High salt consumption has become a common phenomenon in the modern world, especially in Asia (Central Asia, Asia Pacific High Income and East Asia) ( 19 ) . Previous studies have confirmed that high‐salt diet plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases (such as hypertension, stroke and cardiovascular disease) ( 11–13 ) . Recently, a case–control study from France showed that high sodium intake is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ( 14 ) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The information of perceived salt intake is mainly obtained by self‐report, as previously described ( 12,16 ) . Briefly, perceived salt intake was assessed by asking participants in the face‐to‐face questionnaire survey to rate their habitual daily salt intake as low, medium or high, which was estimated approximately (Appendix 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived dietary salt intake and the risk of primary liver cancer: a population‐based prospective study

Sun

Cui

Liang

et al. 2020

J Human Nutrition Diet

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Background Although a high‐salt diet is associated with high risk of chronic diseases such as hypertension, stroke and cardiovascular disease, little is known about the relationship between a high‐salt diet and the risk of primary liver cancer (PLC). Consequently, we prospectively assessed the association of high perceived salt intake with the risk of PLC in the Kailuan Study. Methods In total, 97 006 participants who were healthy adults or free living adults at the baseline (2006) were included in the present study. The data of perceived salt intake were collected via questionnaire and classified into three categories: <6 g day−1 for low salt intake, 6–10 g day−1 for intermediate salt intake, >10 g day−1 for high‐salt intake. PLC including hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (excluding liver metastasis), and was confirmed by review of medical records. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to analyse the association between high perceived salt diet and the risk of PLC after adjusting for possible confounders, including age, gender, body mass index, high sensitivity‐C‐reactive protein, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, HbsAg positive, cirrhosis, fatty liver, hypertension, diabetes, drinking status, smoking status and physical exercise. Results During the follow‐up period of 1 113 816 person‐years, 397 PLC events were diagnosed. After adjusting for most potential confounders, subjects in intermediate salt intake and high salt intake had a multivariable hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval of 1.49 (0.97–2.29) and 1.98 (1.22–3.22) (P for trend = 0.0042), respectively, compared to low salt intake. Conclusions A higher perceived salt intake was associated with a higher risk of PLC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Perceived dietary salt intake and the risk of primary liver cancer: a population‐based prospective study

Sun

Cui

Liang

et al. 2020

J Human Nutrition Diet

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“…The assessment of perceived salt intake has been described previously ; in brief, salt intake was determined via a question asking about regular salt consumption in a regular day, with three possible responses: ‘low’, ‘medium’ or ‘high’ and with a definition of <6 g day −1 (<2400 mg day −1 sodium intake), 6–9 g day −1 (2400–4000 mg day −1 sodium intake) or ≥ 10 g day −1 (>4000 mg day −1 sodium intake), respectively, which was estimated roughly according to the standard salt spoon. Although <6 g day −1 would be considered high for western countries, the categorisation is consistent with habitual intakes in China .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective study of perceived dietary salt intake and the risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

Shen

Jin

et al. 2019

J Human Nutrition Diet

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Prospective study of perceived dietary salt intake and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hum Nutr Diet. 32, 802-809 https://doi. AbstractBackground: A high sodium intake is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, little is known regarding whether greater salt intake is a potential risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We thus prospectively investigated whether individuals with higher perceived dietary salt intake had a higher risk of developing NAFLD. Methods: The present study included 35 023 participants (22 629 men and 12 394 women) from the Kailuan study who were free of NAFLD at baseline (2006) and who did not drink alcohol at baseline and during follow-up (2006-2014; follow-rate 95.2%). NAFLD was defined as a participant who had been diagnosed with fatty liver at least twice by ultrasound tests conducted every 2 years during follow-up. Dietary salt intake was determined by a self-report question and was classified into three categories: low (<6 g day À1 ), medium (6-9 g day À1 ) or high (≥10 g day À1 ). Cox proportional models were used to estimate the risk of NAFLD, adjusting for potential confounders, such as age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking, income, occupation, marriage, body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure, as well as serum concentrations of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride. Results: During 8 years of follow-up, we identified 5102 incident NAFLD cases. After adjusting for potential confounders, the hazard ratio (95% conference interval) for NAFLD was 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) for medium salt intake and 1.19 (1.02,1.39) for high salt consumption (P trend = 0.03) relative to the low salt consumption group. Conclusions: A perceived high salt intake was associated with a higher future risk of NAFLD. 802

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Association Between Statin Use and Progression of Arterial Stiffness Among Adults With High Atherosclerotic Risk

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2022

JAMA Netw Open

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Longitudinal Change of Perceived Salt Intake and Stroke Risk in a Chinese Population

Abstract: Change in salt intake was associated with the stroke risk. These data support the dietary recommendation to the reduction of salt intake.

Cited by 58 publications

References 39 publications

Perceived dietary salt intake and the risk of primary liver cancer: a population‐based prospective study

Perceived dietary salt intake and the risk of primary liver cancer: a population‐based prospective study

Prospective study of perceived dietary salt intake and the risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

Association Between Statin Use and Progression of Arterial Stiffness Among Adults With High Atherosclerotic Risk

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