Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure Anatomy Variations in Brachy‐, Dolicho‐ and Mesaticephalic Dogs and Their Importance to Brain Surgery

Abstract

The study used a sample of 69 formalin-fixed brains from adult dog cadavers (n 5 69) and aimed (1) to characterize the longitudinal cerebral fissure (LCF) anatomy in brachy-(B), dolicho-(D) and mesaticephalic-(M) dogs and their potential differences, and (2) to establish cranioencephalic relationships between the LCF and five classical craniometric points(cp): asterion(ast), bregma(b), stephanion(st), glabella(g), and pterion(pt). Anatomical records were collected using a digital caliper, and for statistical analysis P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. The LCF length can be ranked, in ascending order as B < D < M, and if used as a surgical corridor, the M group had the greatest surgical corridor area, and the D group the smallest. LCF morphology was uniform among the three groups exhibiting dilated anterior(AR) and posterior(PR) regions and narrow middle region, where the most marked differences were registered. The LCF AR is the ideal spot to begin brain surgery if the LCF is to be used as a surgical corridor in B and M, while the LCF PR should be considered in D. The five cp selected were quite useful to understand LCF anatomical morphology, its projections over the external skull surface, and to establish cranioencephalic relationships between the LCF and vault; allowing us to consider the vault anterior area in B, and in M, and the vault posterior area in D for craniotomy initial burr-hole placement. As for the distance from the cp projections in the brain surface to the LCF regions, major differences were registered by comparing the B group with the other two, and for both hemispheres.

Comparison between ultrasonography and computed tomography images for planning and neuronavigation in brain surgeries in dogs as an animal model

“…Inducing a brain adaptation to the vault architecture required compression in the dorsoventral axis, thus increasing the difficulty of identifying different brain regional structures. According to Schroeder et al, [36] brachycephalic breeds have larger LVVs than dolichocephalic and mesocephalic breeds [36][37][38][39][40][41]. Based on our results, age appears to influence the LVV in a statistically significant way, which Sue et al also found [42].…”

Using Bronson Equation to Accurately Predict the Dog Brain Weight Based on Body Weight Parameter

“…This selection acted directly on the brain itself, and also depended on the selective forces involved, promoting the decreasing size of one part of the brain in order to increase the size of another [ 35 , 37 ]. This is the result of simultaneous isocortical neurogenesis onset and terminal neurogenesis that varies substantially between the rostral and caudal poles in some species, allowing for disproportionate expansion of some encephalic cortical regions relative to others [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. With the Bronson equation, it was possible to verify that D and B specimens presented the best ratio between the registered and the predicted BW, and according the study results, we found that D has the highest mean brain mass, heavier than the B and the M specimens.…”

A detailed canine brain label map for neuroimaging analysis

“…Images were exported in Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative (NIfTI) format and were evaluated with MRIcron (freeware, http://people.cas.sc.edu/rorden/ mricron/index.html) and Thermo Scientific Amira for Life Sciences 6.0 software (https://www.fei.com/software). A detailed qualitative evaluation of shape, size, gyral patterns (Carreira & Ferreira, 2015a, 2015bEvans & de Lahunta, 2012;Kawamura & Naito, 1978), and ventricular anatomy was performed by a veterinary anatomist (KC) who assessed two-dimensional NIfTI-image series and threedimensional surface reconstructions generated from the brain MRIs, in order to select the one individual within this sample, which showed the most typical mesaticephalic brain conformation (Hussein et al, 2012;Milne et al, 2016) with no apparent structural disorders or unusual anatomical variations. After this analysis, the brain of a 7.5-year-old male Golden Retriever was chosen as a template for labeling.…”