Longitudinal associations of serum fatty acid composition with type 2 diabetes risk and markers of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study

Abstract

Serum long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and D5D predicted lower type 2 diabetes incidence in people at a high risk of diabetes attending to an intervention study; a putative mechanism behind these associations was higher insulin sensitivity.

Serum n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase activities, and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

“…This is somewhat unexpected, because GLA is the direct precursor of DGLA, which competes with EPA and AA for lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase and produces potential anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (34). However, similar direct associations were also observed in other studies (7,8,11,13,35), although some studies did not find any association (10,12,31). There is also evidence that DGLA is associated with the development of insulin resistance (36) and inflammation (30), thereby supporting our findings.…”

“…However, in our study and in another Finnish study (12), circulating AA was inversely associated with risk, although most other studies did not find this association (9,10,13,14,31). In addition to the proinflammatory metabolites, AA is also a precursor to several anti-inflammatory metabolites (15).…”

“…The mechanism underlying the relation between D6D and D5D activities and T2D is largely unknown but may be related to the association of these enzymes with glucose homeostasis and inflammatory markers (38). For example, a role of D5D activity in the management of insulin sensitivity (12) and insulin resistance (36) has been suggested.…”

Omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, serum zinc, delta‐5‐ and delta‐6‐desaturase activities and incident metabolic syndrome

“…In a previous cross‐sectional study, those with metabolic syndrome had a lower D5D activity and, in another study, higher D5D activity was associated with a lower risk and higher D6D activity with a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome during the follow‐up . The association between D5D and D6D activities and metabolic syndrome may be explained by their role in the management of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance , as well as inflammatory markers . A direct association between higher activities of D6D and insulin resistance , BMI , fasting blood glucose , waist circumference , liver fat accumulation and triglyceride concentrations has been observed.…”

The combined effects of FADS gene variation and dietary fats in obesity-related traits in a population from the far north of Sweden: the GLACIER Study

“…These desaturases introduce cis double bonds at the 5 th and 6 th positions from the carboxyl end in the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) from shorter chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) precursors during fatty acid metabolism. Genetic variants in FADS1/FADS2 are known to correlate with the variability of LC-PUFAs levels in serum/plasma (2–5), erythrocyte membranes (6, 7) and adipocytes (8), and are associated with inflammation (6, 9), cardiovascular disease (10, 11) and type 2 diabetes (12, 13). Genome-wide association studies have established associations between FADS1/FADS2 genetic variants and blood lipid traits (e.g., low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, and total cholesterol) (14) and fasting glucose levels (15).…”