Longitudinal Assessment of Triathletes Responses to Running, Cycling, and Swimming

Kohrt, Wendy M.; Connor, Justin

doi:10.1249/00005768-198604001-00429

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Although it is unusual for the O 2 max to be lower for treadmill running than for cycling, in a triathlete population the heavy training in three sports (swimming, cycling and running) tends to level the dierence (Kohrt et al 1989b;Roalstad 1989). Moreover, the greater quantity of training in cycling compared with running in this study (10 h per week in cycling versus 3 h per week in running) may also explain this unusual dierence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

The influence of prior cycling on biomechanical and cardiorespiratory response profiles during running in triathletes

Hue¹,

Gallais²,

Chollet³

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiol

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The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of 40 km of cycling on the biomechanical and cardiorespiratory responses measured during the running segment of a classic triathlon, with particular emphasis on the time course of these responses. Seven male triathletes underwent four successive laboratory trials: (1) 40 km of cycling followed by a 10-km triathlon run (TR), (2) a 10-km control run (CR) at the same speed as TR, (3) an incremental treadmill test, and (4) an incremental cycle test. The following ventilatory data were collected every minute using an automated breath-by-breath system: pulmonary ventilation VE, l x min[-1]), oxygen uptake (VO2, ml x min(-1) x kg[-1]), carbon dioxide output (ml x min[-1]), respiratory equivalents for oxygen (VE/VO2) and carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R) respiratory frequency (f, breaths x min[-1]), and tidal volume (ml). Heart rate (HR, beats x min[-1]) was monitored using a telemetric system. Biomechanical variables included stride length (SL) and stride frequency (SF) recorded on a video tape. The results showed that the following variables were significantly higher (analysis of variance, P < 0.05) for TR than for CR: VO2 [51.7 (3.4) vs 48.3 (3.9) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), respectively], VE [100.4 (1.4) l x min(-1) vs 84.4 (7.0) l x min(-1)], VE/VO2 [24.2 (2.6) vs 21.5 (2.7)] VE/VCO2 [25.2 (2.6) vs 22.4 (2.6)], f[55.8 (11.6) vs 49.0 (12.4) breaths x min(-1)] and HR [175 (7) vs 168 (9) beats x min(-1)]. Moreover, the time needed to reach steady-state was shorter for HR and VO2 (1 min and 2 min, respectively) and longer for VE (7 min). In contrast, the biomechanical parameters, i.e. SL and SF, remained unchanged throughout TR versus CR. We conclude that the first minutes of the run segment after cycling in an experimental triathlon were specific in terms of VO2 and cardiorespiratory variables, and nonspecific in terms of biomechanical variables.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

The influence of prior cycling on biomechanical and cardiorespiratory response profiles during running in triathletes

Hue¹,

Gallais²,

Chollet³

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiol

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“…Training-induced improvements in V02max, commonly between 6 and 20%, are essentially complete in most individuals within 3 months of serious training. In triathletes who were tested 4 times during the course of a year (in February, May, August and October), the only significant increase in V02max was a slight increase (5%) in cycling V02max• Neither swim nor treadmill V02max changed despite improved race performance times.l 10 ] This suggests that triathletes who maintain some training in the off-season are able to maintain their V02max levels despite reduced training. So, while development of high levels of aerobic power are of importance to success in triathlon racing, other physiological variables contribute much to actual race performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applied Physiology of Triathlon

1995

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The triathlon is a 3-event endurance sport in which athletes compete sequentially in swimming, cycling and running. The primary determinant of success is the ability to sustain a high rate of energy expenditure for prolonged periods of time. Exercise training-induced physiological adaptations in virtually all systems of the body allow the athlete to accomplish this. Aerobic capacity (measured as maximal oxygen uptake, VO2max), economy of motion (submaximal VO2) and fractional utilisation of maximal capacity (%VO2max) reflect the integrated responses of these physiological adaptations. Numerous studies have reported relatively high mean VO2max values for various groups of triathletes that are comparable to those reported for athletes in single-event endurance sports and clearly above those reported for untrained individuals. In shorter distance triathlons and in studies using recreational (rather than elite) triathletes, VO2max is related to performance in the corresponding event of the triathlon (e.g. tethered swimming VO2max with swim time). In longer events and with more elite triathletes, VO2max correlates less well with performance. The physiological adaptations that correspond to and facilitate improved VO2max occur centrally in the cardiovascular system, centred on increased maximal cardiac output, and peripherally in the metabolic systems, centred around increased arterio-venous O2 (a-v O2) difference. While a high VO2max in individuals is clearly of importance to triathlon performance, energy output must be sustained for long periods of time, making economy of motion also very important. Studies suggests that competitive swimmers have better swimming economy than triathletes. However, since many triathletes have previously been competitive swimmers this finding is questionable. The finding suggests that triathletes from nonswimming backgrounds would benefit from improving swimming technique rather than concentrating training workouts solely on distance. In cycling and running, comparison studies have not been done. Economy of motion in swimming, cycling and running have all been found to be correlated with comparable event performance. Training to improve swimming economy can be done without prior exercise, but training to improve swimming economy can be done without prior exercise, but training to improve cycling and running economy should take the multimode nature of a triathlon into consideration. That is, swimming should precede cycling economy training, and cycling should precede running economy training. Cardiovascular, metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations are the main physiological correlates of improved movement economy. Since exercise-induced stress on most physiological systems is based on relative, rather than absolute, exercise intensity, training and racing intensities are frequently quantified as a percentage of maximal capacity of %VO2max.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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“…When walking or cycling exercises are included in the training programme, VT increases signiWcantly in those exercises (HoVman et al 1993;Withers et al 1981). Nonetheless, investigators have found a higher VT during running as compared to cycling in triathletes, both in cross sectional studies (Medelli et al 1993;Schneider et al 1990;Schneider and Pollack 1991) as during longitudinal follow-up (Kohrt et al 1989). Another study showed that when healthy individuals are subjected to running or cycling exercises with equal duration and intensity, anaerobic threshold increases greater during running (with 58%), as compared to cycling (with 39%) (Pierce et al 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low agreement of ventilatory threshold between training modes in cardiac patients

et al. 2007

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In cardiac rehabilitation, different endurance exercises such as walking and cycling are often performed. The training intensity for these modes is determined from a single treadmill or bicycle test by ventilatory threshold (VT). In this study, differences of VT between walking and cycling and agreement of VT between training modes were assessed in cardiac patients. A total of 46 cardiac rehabilitation patients (mean age 59.5+/-8.4 years, 45 males) (31 untrained and 15 trained) completed a maximal exercise test on bicycle and treadmill, with breath-by-breath analysis of oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production and expiratory volume. VT was determined by V-slope method. Correlations of VT and VO2peak were calculated between exercise modes. Bland-Altman plots were made for determining VT agreement between modes. VT was significantly different between walking and cycling in trained patients (P<0.05), but not in untrained patients (P>0.05). When untrained and trained patients were compared, VT correlation was lower (r=0.50) in the former group, as compared to the latter group (r=0.78). Also, Bland-Altman plots showed smaller limits of agreement for VT in trained (2 SD -1.6 to 7.8 ml/min/kg), as compared to untrained patients (2 SD -7.0 to 9.6 ml/min/kg). In trained patients, VT correlates well between training methods, but is highly exercise mode specific. In untrained patients, VT is not exercise mode specific, but the VT has a low correlation between training modes. This study shows that VT should be assessed by the appropriate exercise model for determining exercise intensity in cardiac rehabilitation.

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Longitudinal Assessment of Triathletes Responses to Running, Cycling, and Swimming

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

The influence of prior cycling on biomechanical and cardiorespiratory response profiles during running in triathletes

The influence of prior cycling on biomechanical and cardiorespiratory response profiles during running in triathletes

Applied Physiology of Triathlon

Low agreement of ventilatory threshold between training modes in cardiac patients

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