Longitudinal and cross-sectional age effects in nonverbal decoding skill and style.

Abstract

This study examined longitudinal and cross-sectional age effects on accuracy of decoding nonverbal cues. A videotaped nonverbal discrepancy test was administered to children aged 9 to 15 years. The discrepancy test measured: (a) decoding accuracy-the extent to which subjects were able to identify affects (positivity and dominance) from video (facial and body) cues and audio (content filtered and random spliced) cues; (b) discrepancy accuracy-the extent to which subjects recognized the degree of discrepancy between audio and video cues; and (c) video primacy-the extent to which subjects were more influenced by video (face or body) than by audio cues. It was found that (a) older children benefited more than younger ones from the effects of retesting in their accuracy at decoding discrepant cues, especially for discrepant facial cues; (b) all children showed significantly less video primacy after retesting, and older relative to younger children displayed a trend for less body primacy after retesting; and finally (c) relative to younger children, older children showed less video primacy in decoding extremely discrepant ("leaky"), as compared to slightly discrepant, audio and video nonverbal cues. Thus, although older children performed better than younger children at most nonverbal decoding tasks, the advantages of age were especially great for the decoding of the more discrepant or leakier channels. The processes that may underlie increases in specific nonverbal skills and changes in nonverbal styles are discussed.

Relative contributions of expressive behavior and contextual information to the judgment of the emotional state of another.

“…It is expected that the strategies and skills of decoding the emotional state of others will change with the age of receivers and also with the particular combination of the sex and dominance of a sender and a receiver. For example, the strategies that are used by younger children will differ from those of adults (Blanck & Rosenthal, 1982;Blanck, Rosenthal, Snodgrass, DePaulo, & Zuckerman, 1981;Saarni, 1979Saarni, ,1982Saarni, , 1984. Socially subordinate people may be more sensitive to changing situations than socially dominant people (Eagly, 1987;Snodgrass, 1985).…”

The "process" of field research in the courtroom: A descriptive analysis.

“…These effects also emerged in a recent study of verbal and nonverbal communications between psychotherapists and their patients (Bernieri, Blanck, & Rosenthal, 1987; Blanck et al, 1986a,b). Although therapists related to their patients in what was overtly (verbally) a very professional and appropriate manner, their nonverbal messages seem to “leak” hidden beliefs concerning patient prognosis (see also Blanck, Rosenthal, Snodgrass DePaulo, & Zuckerman, 1981, 1982). In the extreme, such covert messages might influence the course of therapy and the rate of patient recovery.…”