Longevity of augmented phagocytic activity of heterophils in neonatal chickens following administration ofSalmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines to chickens

Abstract

Previously, our laboratory reported an existing relationship between ontogenesis of heterophil activity and susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis infection in poultry during the first week post-hatch. The prophylactic administration of S. enteritidis-immune lymphokines has been shown to enhance heterophil function in vitro and reduce S. enteritidis organ invasion in 1-day-old chicks. However, how long the heterophils remain activated is currently unknown. The objective of this research was to evaluate the duration of enhanced heterophil phagocytosis of S. enteritidis following the prophylactic administration of a single injection of S. enteritidis-immune lymphokines to neonatal chicks. Administration of S. enteritidis-immune lymphokines on the day of hatch resulted in a significant increase in heterophil phagocytic activity (P < 0.05) through day 5 post-hatch. No significant differences in phagocytic activities of heterophils from control and S. enteritidis-immune lymphokinetreated chicks was demonstrated from day 6 to 14 post-hatch. These data suggest that the administration of S. enteritidis-immune lymphokines on day of hatch potentiates heterophil phagocytic activity during a critical period of susceptibility to Salmonella infection in neonatal chicks. The immune lymphokine-induced enhancement of heterophil activity subsides by day 5 as the chick's natural defenses mature and are able to resist infections without exogenous augmentation.

Association between in vitro heterophil function and the feathering gene in commercial broiler chickens

“…These professional phagocytic cells are granular in appearance and exhibit an assortment of cytoskeletal and biochemical activities that can be easily assayed in vitro to evaluate functional efficiency. Functionally, heterophils rapidly kill bacterial pathogens by phagocytosing, degranulating and generating an oxidative burst (Desmidt et al, 1996;Genovese et al, 2000;Kogut et al, 2001;Swaggerty et al, 2003). Because of their early response and their ability to kill pathogens, heterophils are likely to be a useful tool for evaluating the innate immune response in lines of chickens.…”

Comparison of heterophil functions of modern commercial and wild-type Rio Grande turkeys

“…Phagocytosis of live S. enteritidis was observed as previously described with modifications (Genovese et al ., 2000). Heterophils 4)/10 6 cells/ml in RPMI and S. enteritidis 1)/ 10 8 cfu/ml were added to the heterophils (100 S. enteritidis :1 heterophil), and were incubated for 60 min at 398C on a rocker.…”

“…Previous work in our laboratory found that heterophil functions, a major contributor to host innate immune responses, in 1-day-old to 14-day-old commercial turkeys and layer chickens was inefficient as compared with those in older birds (Lowry et al ., 1997;Genovese et al ., 1998Genovese et al ., , 2000Wells et al ., 1998). The inefficiency in function continued until approximately 21 days of age and was correlated with an increase in susceptibility to infection with pathogens such as Salmonella (Lowry et al ., 1997;Genovese et al ., 1998Genovese et al ., , 2000.…”

“…The inefficiency in function continued until approximately 21 days of age and was correlated with an increase in susceptibility to infection with pathogens such as Salmonella (Lowry et al ., 1997;Genovese et al ., 1998Genovese et al ., , 2000. Recently, our laboratory has found that different lines of parental broiler chickens exhibit differences in heterophil functions (Swaggerty et al ., 2003).…”

Cytokines and prevention of infectious diseases in poultry: A review

“…From all of the studies reported, the administration of these cytokines induce protection against salmonellae within 24 h (McGruder et al, 1993(McGruder et al, , 1995aTellez et al, 1993;Kogut et al, 1996). Moreover, the protection conferred by the cytokines lasts only 5 to 10 days (McGruder et al, 1995a;Kogut et al, 1996;Genovese et al, 2000). Mechanistically, protection was associated with an enhanced inflammatory response characterized by: (a) a dramatic granulopoiesis with a resultant peripheral blood heterophilia (Kogut et al, 1994b), (b) a potentiatio n of the biological functions of the circulating heterophils including adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing (Kogut et al, 1995;Moyes et al, 1998), (c) a directed influx of these activated heterophils to the site of bacterial invasion Kogut et al, 1994a), and (d) a direct correlation between the number of peripheral blood heterophils or peritoneal heterophils and protection against SE organ invasion and SEinduced mortality, respectively (Kogut et al, 1994b(Kogut et al, , 1995.…”