Longer duration of breastfeeding associated with risk of developing schizophrenia

Hartog,; Oosthuizen, Piet; Emsley, Robin

doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v13i2.30

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Individuals with schizophrenia are significantly less likely to have been breastfed than controls (67,68). The protective effect of breastfeeding may be due to breast milk being a rich source of DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA which may attenuate any adverse consequences of impaired fatty acid synthesis (10).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Intake and Neurodevelopmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autistic disorder and phospholipids: A review

Brown

Austin

2011

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

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Section: Fatty Acid Intake and Neurodevelopmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autistic disorder and phospholipids: A review

Brown

Austin

2011

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

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“…We noticed that, the odds of having SZ is reduced by 59% in breastfed individuals. There are various studies that have reported on the protective impacts of breastfed milk on SZ and potentially delayed onset of SZ symptoms 49 – 51 . Other studies have also reported that breastfeeding lowers the odds of developing other mental illnesses such as depression 28 and body dysmorphia 52 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia

Franklin,

Rajamanikam,

Phang

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The aetiology of schizophrenia is multifactorial, and the identification of its risk factors are scarce and highly variable. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with schizophrenia among Malaysian sub-population. A total of 120 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) and 180 non-schizophrenic (NS) individuals participated in a questionnaire-based survey. Data of complete questionnaire responses obtained from 91 SZ and 120 NS participants were used in statistical analyses. Stool samples were obtained from the participants and screened for gut parasites and fungi using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The median age were 46 years (interquartile range (IQR) 37 to 60 years) and 35 years (IQR 24 to 47.75 years) for SZ and NS respectively. Multivariable binary logistic regression showed that the factors associated with increased risk of SZ were age, sex, unemployment, presence of other chronic ailment, smoking, and high dairy consumption per week. These factors, except sex, were positively associated with the severity of SZ. Breastfed at infancy as well as vitamin and supplement consumption showed a protective effect against SZ. After data clean-up, fungal or parasitic infections were found in 98% (39/42). of SZ participants and 6.1% (3/49) of NS participants. Our findings identified non-modifiable risk factors (age and sex) and modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors (unemployment, presence of other chronic ailment, smoking, and high dairy consumption per week) associated with SZ and implicate the need for medical attention in preventing fungal and parasitic infections in SZ.

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Association of breastfeeding with mental disorders in mother and child: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bugaeva,

Arkusha,

Bikaev

et al. 2023

BMC Med

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Background Breastfeeding has long been associated with numerous benefits for both mothers and infants. While some observational studies have explored the relationship between breastfeeding and mental health outcomes in mothers and children, a systematic review of the available evidence is lacking. The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the association between breastfeeding and mental health disorders in mothers and children. Methods We systematically searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to June 2, 2023. The inclusion criteria consisted of all studies evaluating links between breastfeeding and development of mental health disorders in children and mothers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) while grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to assess the certainty of evidence. A random-effects meta-analysis was used if possible, to estimate the odds ratio for the association between breastfeeding and mental health outcomes. The Mantel–Haenszel method was utilised for pooling ORs across studies. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Results Our review identified twenty-one original study. Of these, 18 focused on the association between breastfeeding and child health, assessing depressive disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and borderline personality disorder. Three studies evaluated the associations between breastfeeding and maternal mental health disorders. Three studies looking at outcomes in children showed no significant association between breastfeeding and occurrence of schizophrenia later in life (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.57–1.71; I2 = 29%). For depressive disorders (5 studies) and anxiety disorders (3 studies), we found conflicting evidence with some studies showing a small protective effect while others found no effect. The GRADE certainty for all these findings was very low due to multiple limitations. Three studies looking at association between breastfeeding and maternal mental health, were too heterogeneous to draw any firm conclusions. Conclusions We found limited evidence to support a protective association between breastfeeding and the development of mental health disorders in children later in life. The data regarding the association between breastfeeding and maternal mental health beyond the postnatal period is also limited. The methodological limitations of the published literature prevent definitive conclusions, and further research is needed to better understand the relationship between breastfeeding and mental health in mothers and children.

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Longer duration of breastfeeding associated with risk of developing schizophrenia

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Autistic disorder and phospholipids: A review

Autistic disorder and phospholipids: A review

Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia

Association of breastfeeding with mental disorders in mother and child: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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