Long working hours, occupational health and the changing nature of work organization

Johnson, Jeffrey G.; Lipscomb, Jane

doi:10.1002/ajim.20383

Cited by 160 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, although several reviews of this field exist (5,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24), the few systematic quantifications of the evidence have been based on published cross-sectional (18,19,25) or published longitudinal studies (26). Given the potential publication bias in studies based on published data (27), an individual-participant metaanalysis of unpublished data would provide important complementary evidence to evaluate the effect of long working hours on mental health.…”

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confidence: 99%

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Virtanen¹,

Jokela²,

Madsen³

et al. 2018

Scand J Work Environ Health

145

107

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Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms. MethodsWe searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies.Results We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries [96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1-5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.25] between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I 2 =45.1%, P=0.004). A strong association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70-1.34) or Australia (0.95,. Differences by other characteristics were small. ConclusionsThis observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.Key terms depression; mental health; overtime; psychological distress; working life; working time. Long working hours and depressive symptomsDepression is a leading cause of years lived with disability, contributing to a significant proportion of disease burden worldwide (1). Given that the burden of mental disorders peaks at working age (1), workingage populatio ns are an important target for prevention. There is growing evidence to suggest a link between work characteristics and the onset of depression, with perceived psychosocial work stress being the most often investigated work exposure (2-7).Recently, studies have also focused on long working hours as a potential risk factor for mental disorders (8). However, although several reviews of this field exist (5, 9-24), the few systematic quantifications of the evidence have been based on published cross-sectional (18,19,25) or published longitudinal studies (26). Given the potential publication bias in studies based on published data (27), an individual-participant metaanalysis of unpublished data would provide important complementary evidence to evaluate the effect of long working hours on mental health. Furthermore, long working hours are more common in Asia and North America than in Europe and the risk of mental health problems is higher among women and individuals with low socioeconomic position than men and those with high socioeconomic status. As determinants and mechanisms that harm and protect mental health may also vary by regio...

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confidence: 99%

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Virtanen¹,

Jokela²,

Madsen³

et al. 2018

Scand J Work Environ Health

145

107

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“…Workers in the growhouse reported that peak stressor periods generally occur at harvest time as a result of long working hours, repetitive tasks, and excessive job demands to cultivate large quantities of cannabis plants within a short time window. This demonstrates that the factors mentioned by Johnson and Lipscomb (2006) are readily applicable, as cannabis industries can be expected to have patterns of intense working periods with long hours. The JDR model would suggest peak levels of job demands at this time, which could be problematic for workers if job resource availability is limited.…”

Section: Stigmamentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Bosch (1999) United States has seen a drop in working hours from the early 1900s; whereas 16-hour days were common at that time, eight-hour workday policies are now the general norm (Johnson & Lipscomb, 2006). That said, a 2002 NIOSH report indicated that long working hours have increased over the past two decades, while the research literature on the effects of long working hours has moved considerably slower (Johnson & Lipscomb, 2006). Long working hours have been interpreted ambiguously in existent research.…”

Section: Stigmamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Spurgeon, Harrington, and Cooper (1997) One example occurs in Japan, where the term Karoshi refers to sudden death among working professionals due to overwork (Uehata, 1991). Johnson and Lipscomb (2006) further discussed that quantity of time spent working might not be the only factor at play; rather, it might be a combination of work time patterns, intensity of work, availability of breaks, and individual job autonomy.…”

Section: Stigmamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is The "grass" Greener? Occupational Wellness In The Colorado Cannabis Industry

Walters¹

2017

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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IS THE "GRASS" GREENER? OCCUPATIONAL WELLNESS IN THE COLORADO CANNABIS INDUSTRYThis study is the first occupational safety and health evaluation of the cannabis industry of Colorado from an Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) perspective. Qualitative pilot data and common OHP theories provide a framework for project development, design, and rationale.This study investigated the following among cannabis industry workers: potential stressors, perceptions and awareness of physical safety hazards, strain outcomes, and organizational supports that might buffer relations between stressors and strain outcomes. Study results provide a first glimpse at the demographics of the cannabis industry and suggest that workers generally experience low strain and high levels of organizational supports in the presence of various physical and psychological stressors and hazards. However, results also suggest heterogeneous health and safety training, awareness, and regulation in the cannabis industry. Future research directions and practical implications for cannabis industry workers are provided.iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis represents several years of work -work that I could never have accomplished without the help and guidance of many others. As such, I have a number of people that I would like to acknowledge and thank.

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“…Long work hours and extended overtime have been, and continue to be, of enormous concern for the health and well-being of working people (1,2). Studies have reported that long work hours and extended overtime is associated with all-cause mortality (3), cardiovascular disease (4), hypertension (5), diabetes (6), fatigue (7), psychological symptoms (8), sleep deprivation (9), and depression (10), although the evidence has not always been consistent (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of overtime work with cellular immune markers among healthy daytime white-collar employees

Nakata¹,

Takahashi²,

Irie³

2011

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Long working hours, occupational health and the changing nature of work organization

Cited by 160 publications

References 14 publications

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Is The "grass" Greener? Occupational Wellness In The Colorado Cannabis Industry

Association of overtime work with cellular immune markers among healthy daytime white-collar employees

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