Long-wavelength analyte-sensitive luminescent probes and optical (bio)sensors

Abstract

Long-wavelength luminescent probes and sensors become increasingly popular. They offer the advantage of lower levels of autofluorescence in most biological probes. Due to high penetration depth and low scattering of red and NIR light such probes potentially enable measurements in tissues and some of them have already reached a high level of reliability required for such applications. This review focuses on the recent progress in development and application of long-wavelength analyte-sensitive probes which can operate both reversibly and irreversibly. Photophysical properties, sensing mechanisms, advantages and limitations of individual probes are discussed.

An Optical Urate Biosensor Based on Urate Oxidase and Long-Lifetime Metalloporphyrins

“…Absorption and emission spectra of urate biosensors composed of 50:50 poly(HEMA-co-AAm) containing BMAP and uricase were measured and are depicted in Figure 3A,B. The "optical window," which occurs at wavelengths falling between 600 and 950 nm, must be considered when selecting probes for transdermal interrogation [25,42]. At wavelengths shorter than 600 nm, the strong absorption, scattering, and autofluorescence of light by pigments like hemoglobin found in tissue present a challenge to conducting transdermal optical interrogations.…”

“…In the past few decades, metalloporphyrins have emerged as attractive indicators for in vivo biosensing applications [25]. This is largely due to their photophysical properties being well-suited for conducting time-resolved measurements.…”

Ultrabright Red‐Emitting Photostable Perylene Bisimide Dyes: New Indicators for Ratiometric Sensing of High pH or Carbon Dioxide

“…The use of fluorescent dyes with absorption and emission in the red/near‐infrared (NIR) part of the spectrum has several advantages such as good light penetration in tissues essential for in vivo measurements, lower autofluorescence and light scattering from biological samples and optical components, and lower energy demand for the excitation, which is useful for autonomous sensing. The number of reported red/NIR‐emitting indicators is rather limited and only a few of them show ratiometric character . Moreover, high fluorescence brightness and high photostability are also highly desirable properties of a pH indicator.…”

“…The number of reportedr ed/NIR-emitting indicators is rather limited and only af ew of them show ratiometric character. [39] Moreover,h ighf luorescence brightness and high photostability are also highly desirable properties of ap Hindicator.…”

Osmium-nitrido corroles as NIR indicators for oxygen sensors and triplet sensitizers for organic upconversion and singlet oxygen generation

“…7-10 NIR phosphorescent dyes are of particular interest 11 and are used in NIR OLEDs, [12][13][14] and solar concentrators. 15 The combination of NIR emission with efficient absorption in the red part of the spectrum not only enables in vivo sensing and imaging of oxygen [16][17][18][19] and glucose, 20 but also makes the dyes promising for application in photon upconversion systems where harvesting of red light is of primary importance. Extended porphyrins, such as tetrabenzoporphyrins 21,22 and tetranaphthoporphyrins, 23,24 are probably the most common representatives of the dyes showing very strong NIR phosphorescence (phosphorescence quantum yields F B 0.1-0.6).…”