Long-Term Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seasonal Irrigation Amount, Evapotranspiration, Yield, and Water Productivity under Semiarid Climate

Abstract

A long-term field experiment was conducted from 2002 to 2014 for the evaluation of yield and water productivity of three winter wheat varieties-Kharkof, Scout 66, and TAM107-under sprinkler irrigation at New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, NM. Winter wheat daily evapotranspiration was estimated following the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FAO crop coefficient approach (ETc = Kc ETo), and crop water use efficiency (CWUE), evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE), and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were estimated for each growing season. There was inter-annual variation in seasonal precipitation and irrigation amounts. Seasonal irrigation amounts varied from 511 to 787 mm and the total water supply varied from 590 to 894 mm with precipitation representing a range of 7.7-24.2%. Winter wheat daily actual evapotranspiration (ETc) varied from 0.1 to 14.5 mm/day, averaging 2.7 mm/day during the winter wheat growing seasons, and the seasonal evapotranspiration varied from 625 to 890 mm. Grain yield was dependent on winter wheat variety, decreased with years, and varied from 1843.1 to 7085.7 kg/ha. TAM107 obtained the highest grain yield. Winter wheat CWUE, IWUE, and ETWUE were also varietal dependent and varied from 0.22 to 1.01 kg/m 3 , from 0.26 to 1.17 kg/m 3 , and from 0.29 to 0.92 kg/m 3 , respectively. CWUE linearly decreased with seasonal water, and IWUE linearly decreased with seasonal irrigation amount, while CWUE, IWUE, and ETWUE were positively correlated with the grain yield for the three winter wheat varieties, with R 2 ≥ 0.85 for CWUE, R 2 ≥ 0.69 for IWUE, and R 2 ≥ 0.89 for ETWUE. The results of this study can serve as guidelines for winter wheat production in the semiarid Four Corners regions. Additional research need to be conducted for optimizing winter wheat irrigation management relative to planting date and fertilization management to reduce the yield gap between winter wheat actual yield and the national average yield.

Effects of Irrigation Amount and Irrigation Frequency on Flue-Cured Tobacco Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency Based on Three-Year Field Drip-Irrigated Experiments

“…According to Doorenbos [28], when the precipitation does not meet crop water requirement, IWUE is lower in the year of less precipitation. Payero et al [29] on maize's IWUE, Djaman et al [30] on wheat's IWUE, and Djaman et al [31] on maize's IWUE all demonstrated that IWUE decreased linearly with irrigation amount, both in wet or dry growing seasons, and IWUE in a wet year was higher than a dry year. Different from corn and wheat, our results showed that IWUE increased with irrigation amount, but the similar results show that IWUE in the wet year was higher than the dry year, where flue-tobacco IWUE varied from 0.…”

Water Uptake Patterns of Alfalfa under Winter Irrigation in Cold and Arid Grassland

“…The reason for this may be due to the increment of water content and heat capacity of the root layer soil caused by freezing irrigation. This prevented drastic changes in temperature in the alfalfa root zone before winter and provided good environmental conditions to acclimatize alfalfa to cold conditions, thus improving the alfalfa overwintering rate [70][71][72][73][74]. Also, repeated thawing and freezing of soil and the days and nights after freezing irrigation played a role in loosening the soil and improving alfalfa habitat conditions.…”

Determination of Evapotranspiration For Wheat by Using Bowen Ratio Energy Balance Method

“…Bu nedenle uzun yıllık ölçümlerin değerlendirilmesi ve doğrudan ET ölçüm yöntemi olan tartılı lizimetre ile karşılaştırılması gerekir. Djaman et al, (2018), Adana gibi yarı kurak bir bölgede (New Mexico) 2002-2014 yılları arasında buğday bitkisi ile yaptıkları bir çalışmada konulara 511 mm ile 787 mm arasında sulama suyu uygulamışlardır. Su bütçesi yöntemine göre belirlenen bitki su tüketimleri konulara göre 625 mm ile 890 mm arasında değişmiştir.…”

“…2004, kışlık buğdayda, farklı sulama uygulamaları oluşturdukları çalışmalarında su kullanma randımanlarının 1.11-1.61 g.m -2 .mm -1 arasında değiştiğini bulmuşlardır. Djaman et al, (2018) tarafından yarı kurak bir iklimde farklı sulama konularının oluşturulduğu çalışmada, su kullanım randımanları 0.26-1.17 g.m -2 .mm -1 arasında değişmiştir. Sezen (2000) ise, Çukurova koşullarında buğday bitkisiyle yaptığı çalışmada su kullanma randımanlarının 0.66-1.50 g.m -2 .mm -1 arasında değiştiğini bulmuştur.…”