Long-term trends of tropospheric carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide from analysis of high resolution infrared solar spectra

Rinsland, C. P.; Goldman, A.; Hannigan, James W.; Wood, S.; Chiou, Linda; Mahieu, Emmanuel

doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.08.008

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The HCN column amounts ranged from 100 to 220 ppt, with the maximum occurring just south of the Equator (10-15 • S). Singh et al (2003) report HCN levels of around 250 ± 150 pptv for HCN in February to April, and Ambrose et al (2012) and Rinsland et al (2007) report mean mixing ratios of 360 ppt and 220 ppt respectively, while Knighton et al (2009) report a concentration ranging from 100 to 600 ppt and a mean background of 200 ppt. Therefore, based on the available measurements discussed thus far, we would conclude that yearly averaged levels of HCN vary between approximately 100 and 450 ppt in the lower to mid-troposphere.…”

Section: Model Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airborne hydrogen cyanide measurements using a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer for the plume identification of biomass burning forest fires

et al. 2013

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A chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (CIMS) was developed for measuring hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from biomass burning events in Canada using I⁻ reagent ions on board the FAAM BAe-146 research aircraft during the BORTAS campaign in 2011. The ionisation scheme enabled highly sensitive measurements at 1 Hz frequency through biomass burning plumes in the troposphere.

A strong correlation between the HCN, carbon monoxide (CO) and acetonitrile (CH₃CN) was observed, indicating the potential of HCN as a biomass burning (BB) marker. A plume was defined as being 6 standard deviations above background for the flights. This method was compared with a number of alternative plume-defining techniques employing CO and CH₃CN measurements. The 6-sigma technique produced the highest R² values for correlations with CO. A normalised excess mixing ratio (NEMR) of 3.68 ± 0.149 pptv ppbv⁻¹ was calculated, which is within the range quoted in previous research (Hornbrook et al., 2011). The global tropospheric model STOCHEM-CRI incorporated both the observed ratio and extreme ratios derived from other studies to generate global emission totals of HCN via biomass burning. Using the ratio derived from this work, the emission total for HCN from BB was 0.92 Tg (N) yr⁻¹

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Section: Model Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous atmospheric measurements of HCN have been made using IR spectroscopy (Coffey et al, 1981;Zhao et al, 2002;Kleinböhl et al, 2006;Rinsland et al, 2007;Li et al, 2000). In situ measurements were first made in the stratosphere using NI-CIMS (negative ion-chemical ionisation mass spectrometer) (Schneider et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne hydrogen cyanide measurements using a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer for the plume identification of biomass burning forest fires

et al. 2013

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“…The retrieval strategy used for CO and C 2 H 6 was developed within the UFTIR (http://www.nilu.no/uftir/) project and are further described by De Maziere (2005) and Vigouroux et al (2008). Error budgets of ground-based solar FTIR CO and C 2 H 6 measurements has been reported by Zhao et al (2002) for two Japanese stations and by Rinsland et al (2000Rinsland et al ( , 2007 for Jungfraujoch and Kitt Peak. The reported total errors for CO are between 5.2 % and 6.7 % and for C 2 H 6 between 8.4 % and 8.9 %.…”

Section: Ftir Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon monoxide (CO) and ethane (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) trends from ground-based solar FTIR measurements at six European stations, comparison and sensitivity analysis with the EMEP model

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Trends in the CO and C 2 H 6 partial columns (∼0-15 km) have been estimated from four European groundbased solar FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) stations for the 1996-2006 time period. The CO trends from the four stations Jungfraujoch, Zugspitze, Harestua and Kiruna have been estimated to −0.45 ± 0.16 % yr −1 , −1.00 ± 0.24 % yr −1 , −0.62 ± 0.19 % yr −1 and −0.61 ± 0.16 % yr −1 , respectively. The corresponding trends for C 2 H 6 are −1.51± 0.23 % yr −1 , −2.11 ± 0.30 % yr −1 , −1.09 ± 0.25 % yr −1 and −1.14 ± 0.18 % yr −1 . All trends are presented with their 2-σ confidence intervals. To find possible reasons for the CO trends, the global-scale EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model has been used in a series of sensitivity scenarios. It is shown that the trends are consistent with the combination of a 20 % decrease in the anthropogenic CO emissions seen in Europe and North America during the 1996-2006 period and a 20 % increase in the anthropogenic CO emissions in East Asia, during the same time period. The possible impacts of CH 4 and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are also considered. The European and global-scale EMEP models have been evaluated against the Correspondence to: J. Mellqvist (johan.mellqvist@chalmers.se) measured CO and C 2 H 6 partial columns from Jungfraujoch, Zugspitze, Bremen, Harestua, Kiruna and Ny-Ålesund. The European model reproduces, on average the measurements at the different sites fairly well and within 10-22 % deviation for CO and 14-31 % deviation for C 2 H 6 . Their seasonal amplitude is captured within 6-35 % and 9-124 % for CO and C 2 H 6 , respectively. However, 61-98 % of the CO and C 2 H 6 partial columns in the European model are shown to arise from the boundary conditions, making the globalscale model a more suitable alternative when modeling these two species. In the evaluation of the global model the average partial columns for 2006 are shown to be within 1-9 % and 37-50 % of the measurements for CO and C 2 H 6 , respectively. The global model sensitivity for assumptions made in this paper is also analyzed.

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“…GEOS-Chem is sampled at the location of each station and convolved with the instrumentspecific averaging kernel (Mahieu et al, 1995(Mahieu et al, , 1997Rinsland et al, 1999Rinsland et al, , 2000Rinsland et al, , 2001Rinsland et al, , 2007. Figure 3 shows the observed and model HCN total columns at the three stations between 2001 and 2008.…”

Section: Ground-based Ftir Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ground-based HCN column measurements from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers, available at several sites around the world (Mahieu et al, 1995(Mahieu et al, , 1997Rinsland et al, 1999Rinsland et al, , 2000Rinsland et al, , 2001Rinsland et al, , 2007Zhao et al, 2000Zhao et al, , 2002, represent important but sparse constraints to our quantitative understanding of HCN spatial and temporal distributions. As we show later these data show large variations on intraseasonal to yearly timescales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What drives the observed variability of HCN in the troposphere and lower stratosphere?

Palmer

Pumphrey

et al. 2009

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.We use the GEOS-Chem global 3-D chemistry transport model to investigate the relative importance of chemical and physical processes that determine observed variability of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Consequently, we reconcile groundbased FTIR column measurements of HCN, which show annual and semi-annual variations, with recent space-borne measurements of HCN mixing ratio in the tropical lower stratosphere, which show a large two-year variation. We find that the observed column variability over the ground-based stations is determined by a superposition of HCN from several regional burning sources, with GEOS-Chem reproducing these column data with a positive bias of 5%. GEOSChem reproduces the observed HCN mixing ratio from the Microwave Limb Sounder and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment satellite instruments with a mean negative bias of 20%, and the observed HCN variability with a mean negative bias of 7%. We show that tropical biomass burning emissions explain most of the observed HCN variations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), with the remainder due to atmospheric transport and HCN chemistry. In the mid and upper stratosphere, atmospheric dynamics progressively exerts more influence on HCN variations. The extent of temporal overlap between African and other continental burning seasons is key in establishing the apparent bienniel cycle in the UTLS. Similar analysis of other, shorter-lived trace gases have not observed the transition between annual and bienniel cycles in the UTLS probably because the signal of inter-annual variations from surface emission has been diluted before arriving at the lower stratosphere (LS), due to shorter atmospheric lifetimes.

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Long-term trends of tropospheric carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide from analysis of high resolution infrared solar spectra

Cited by 13 publications

References 59 publications

Airborne hydrogen cyanide measurements using a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer for the plume identification of biomass burning forest fires

Airborne hydrogen cyanide measurements using a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer for the plume identification of biomass burning forest fires

Carbon monoxide (CO) and ethane (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) trends from ground-based solar FTIR measurements at six European stations, comparison and sensitivity analysis with the EMEP model

What drives the observed variability of HCN in the troposphere and lower stratosphere?

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Long-term trends of tropospheric carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide from analysis of high resolution infrared solar spectra

Cited by 13 publications

References 59 publications

Airborne hydrogen cyanide measurements using a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer for the plume identification of biomass burning forest fires

Airborne hydrogen cyanide measurements using a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer for the plume identification of biomass burning forest fires

Carbon monoxide (CO) and ethane (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;) trends from ground-based solar FTIR measurements at six European stations, comparison and sensitivity analysis with the EMEP model

What drives the observed variability of HCN in the troposphere and lower stratosphere?

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Carbon monoxide (CO) and ethane (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) trends from ground-based solar FTIR measurements at six European stations, comparison and sensitivity analysis with the EMEP model