Long-term trends in emissions and transboundary transport of acidifying air pollution in Europe

Berge, Erik; Bartnicki, Jerzy; Olendrzynski, K.; Tsyro, Svetlana

doi:10.1006/jema.1999.0275

Cited by 60 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…In BiH, air pollution was less pronounced compared to other parts of Yugoslavia [36], and game densities were never considered to be excessive. Red deer in particular was extremely rare, while roe deer and chamois densities even then rarely exceeded one animal per square kilometre [15,35].…”

Section: Historical Evidence and Possible Causes Of Beech Progressionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Another reason for the more stable fir structure might lie in the lower intensity of indirect anthropogenic disturbance in Bosnia compared to Slovenia, Croatia and Slovakia. Namely, lower SO 2 emissions [36] and lower deer densities [35] may be responsible for the less pronounced silver fir decline in Bosnia. Diaci et al [15] indicated a synchronous silver fir decline in most studied southeast European mixed old-growth mountain forests, while the share of fir in BA increased in the Igman and Trstionica mixed old-growth mountain forests in Bosnia.…”

Section: Six Decades Of Structural Changes In the Janj Lom And Perucmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Old-growth forests in Bosnia (Perucica, Lom and Janj) have not experienced chronic overbrowsing by deer as have other European old-growth forests [15,35], and environmental pollution has also been less acute [36]. These forests therefore represent an excellent resource for the study of interactions of climatic fluctuations and indirect anthropogenic disturbances, both of which are well documented in the literature [33,[37][38][39][40][41].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparative Structural Dynamics of the Janj Mixed Old-Growth Mountain Forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are Conifers in a Long-Term Decline?

Keren

Motta

Govedar

et al. 2014

Forests

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Regression of conifers in European mixed old-growth mountain forests has been observed for a long period and studied from different aspects. Old-growth (OG) forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) have not experienced heavy air pollution and chronic overbrowsing that have affected many other European OG forests, while climatic and anthropogenic disturbances have been well documented. We analysed stand structure in the Janj OG forest, compared it with inventories of Lom and Perucica OG forests (BiH) and with earlier inventories of the same reserves. At present, OG forest Janj is characterized by a high growing stock (1215 m ). This is due to good site quality, prevalence of conifers (84%) and dominant endogenous processes in recent decades. In all three OG forests, indicators of structural change exhibited progression of European beech over time. Historical evidence revealed the occurrence of warm summers and droughts followed by OPEN ACCESSForests 2014, 5 1244 bark beetle outbreaks in the 1920s, 1940s and early 1950s, which in turn influenced a marked conifer decline. It seems likely that repeated canopy opening released waves of European beech regeneration. These stand structural changes have delayed the rejuvenation of conifers and can help explain the early observations of conifer decline.

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Section: Historical Evidence and Possible Causes Of Beech Progressionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Six Decades Of Structural Changes In the Janj Lom And Perucmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Structural Dynamics of the Janj Mixed Old-Growth Mountain Forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are Conifers in a Long-Term Decline?

Keren

Motta

Govedar

et al. 2014

Forests

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“…The combination of large variations in emission density, low emission heights, and the high deposition velocity lead to ambient ammonia concentrations that are highly variable on small spatial scales. When dissolved in water droplets, ambient ammonia can form secondary aerosol particles, such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, which may remain airborne for longer times and, therefore, can be transported over long distances [36]. Deposition of gaseous ammonia and ammonium aerosol through dry and wet deposition contributes to both acidification and eutrophication, which may cause damage to sensitive ecosystems such as forests, heathlands and bogs.…”

Section: Nh 3 In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia monitoring at trace level using photoacoustic spectroscopy in industrial and environmental applications

Schilt

Thévenaz

Niklès³

et al. 2004

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectros

132

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An ammonia traces analyser based on photoacoustic spectroscopy is described. The system uses a CO 2 laser and a properly designed resonant photoacoustic cell to achieve ammonia detection at sub-parts-per-billion (ppb) level. The instrument features unattended automatic on-line monitoring of ammonia with a detection limit of 0.1 ppb. Interferences from atmospheric CO 2 and H 2 O are efficiently suppressed by a careful selection of the laser wavelength and a compensation of the water vapour signal made with a high-precision hygrometer. The cell design enables continuous measurement at high flow rates (up to 5 l/min), which guarantees a fast response time of the system for the monitoring of ammonia, a sticky polar molecule that adheres to most surfaces. Various examples of applications of the instrument in the semiconductor industry and for atmospheric pollution monitoring are presented. They demonstrate the excellent performances of the system and its suitability for these applications.

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“…Both sulfur and primary particle emissions have been decreasing largely all over Europe (Kupiainen and Klimont, 2006;Vestreng et al, 2007;Smith et al, 2011), resulting in improved air quality, decreased acid fallout (Berge et al, 1999) and weakened direct radiative forcing by aerosols (Liepert and Tegen, 2002). The changes in indirect radiative forcing are more uncertain and complicated to address because the resulting decrease in CCN (cloud condensing nuclei) concentrations due to the decrease in primary particle emissions can be at least partly compensated by secondary CCN production (new particle formation and growth)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in new particle formation in eastern Lapland, Finland: effect of decreasing sulfur emissions from Kola Peninsula

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The smelter industry in Kola Peninsula is the largest source of anthropogenic SO 2 in the Arctic part of Europe and one of the largest within the Arctic domain. Due to socio-economic changes in Russia, the emissions have been decreasing especially since the late 1990s resulting in decreased SO 2 concentrations close to Kola in eastern Lapland, Finland. At the same time, the frequency of new particle formation days has been decreasing distinctively at SMEAR I station in eastern Lapland, especially during spring and autumn. We show that sulfur species, namely sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid, have an important role in both new particle formation and subsequent growth and that the decrease in new particle formation days is a result of the reduction of sulfur emissions originating from Kola Peninsula. In addition to sulfur species, there are many other quantities, such as formation rate of aerosol particles, condensation sink and nucleation mode particle number concentration, which are related to the number of observed new particle formation (NPF) days and need to be addressed when linking sulfur emissions and NPF. We show that while most of these quantities exhibit statistically significant trends, the reduction in Kola sulfur emissions is the most obvious reason for the rapid decline in NPF days. Sulfuric acid explains approximately 20-50 % of the aerosol condensational growth observed at SMEAR I, and there is a large seasonal variation with highest values obtained during spring and autumn. We found that (i) particles form earlier after sunrise during late winter and early spring due to high concentrations of SO 2 and H 2 SO 4 ; (ii) several events occurred during the absence of light, and they were connected to higher than average concentrations of SO 2 ; and (iii) high SO 2 concentrations could advance the onset of nucleation by several hours. Moreover, air masses coming over Kola Peninsula seemed to favour new particle formation.

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Long-term trends in emissions and transboundary transport of acidifying air pollution in Europe

Cited by 60 publications

References 10 publications

Comparative Structural Dynamics of the Janj Mixed Old-Growth Mountain Forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are Conifers in a Long-Term Decline?

Comparative Structural Dynamics of the Janj Mixed Old-Growth Mountain Forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are Conifers in a Long-Term Decline?

Ammonia monitoring at trace level using photoacoustic spectroscopy in industrial and environmental applications

Trends in new particle formation in eastern Lapland, Finland: effect of decreasing sulfur emissions from Kola Peninsula

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