Executive SummaryWhile many estuaries in the northeastern U.S. are highly urbanized, such as Barnegat Bay, we do not understand the implications of urbanization on estuaries and especially for economically and ecologically important macrofauna such as fishes and crabs. The long term goal of this project is to determine how the macrofauna respond to urbanization by comparing the temporal (annual, seasonal) and spatial (among and within locations along the north-south gradient that vary in the extent of urbanization) variation in the Bay. During Years One, Two, and Three we sampled extensively at a variety of habitats (marsh creeks, submerged aquatic vegetation, open bay) with a variety of gears (plankton nets, otter trawls, gill nets) that allowed collection of most life-history stages (larvae, juveniles, adults) of representative fishes and crabs. In all 3 years the macrofauna was highly seasonal with abundance greatest in the summer across all habitats (submerged aquatic variation, marsh creeks, open bay). Variation in fish and juvenile blue crab abundance occurred across years with reduced numbers (but not species) during 2013 relative to 2012, but with highest values in 2014. These overall values were also correlated with macroalgae abundance. This variation might have been due to effects of Hurricane Sandy (Fall 2012) but the differences observed are difficult to separate from natural, year-to-year variation for lack of a longer time series that does not in which hurricanes did not make landafall here. Current work in the adjacent and connected estuary, the Mullica River/Great Bay estuary, by graduate student Katherine Nickerson examines a 24 year time series of juvenile fish collections to parse climate and event-related signals from other sources and, on completion, may be helpful in interpreting variation within Barnegat Bay. However, comparisons with similar sampling gear (otter trawl) from early (late 1970s/ early 1980s) and late (2012/2013) indicated that the fish fauna had changed. The fish faunal response over these decades suggest that some resident and cool-water migrant species (e.g. silver hake Merluccius bilinearis) are less abundant and have been replaced by warm-water migrants (e.g. northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis, black drum Pogonias cromis). A prime example of a warm water migrant that is now so abundant that it is harvested in commercial and recreational fisheries is Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus).