Long-Term Sustainability of the Tropical and Subtropical Rice-Wheat System: An Environmental Perspective

Grace, Peter; Harrington, Larry; Jain, Monika; Robertson, G. Philip

doi:10.2134/asaspecpub65.c2

Cited by 38 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…By analyzing the tropical dataset, Powlson et al (2014Powlson et al ( , 2016 argued that the rate of SOC increase in ZT systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) could be around 0.3 Mg C ha −1 year −1 in a 0-0.3 m soil layer. Similarly, Grace et al (2003) estimated that CO 2 equivalent emissions from conventionally tilled cropping systems (rice-wheat system) would be about 29 MgCO 2 year −1 if applied to one million hectares of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, while this is lowered to 14 MgCO 2 year −1 if a ZT system with residue retention is applied to the same. Another study (Grace et al 2012) shows that the rice-wheat system of India has the potential to sequester 44,100 Gg C over 20 years if it is converted to ZT.…”

Section: Conservation Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crop residue management is one of the major components of CA, and thus, it reduces the burning of crop residue. This means it also reduces the emission of N 2 O and CH 4 as each ton of crop residue emits 40 g of N 2 O (equivalent to 12.4 kg of CO 2 ) and 2.3 kg of CH 4 (equivalent to 48.3 kg of CO 2 ) (Grace et al 2003).…”

Section: Conservation Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gill (2014) estimates that under the existing system of electricity generation in India, the use of laser land leveling reduces about 0.15 Mg of CO 2 eq year −1 ha −1 due to the decreased pumping time of water for irrigation and decreased cultivation time. In general, each liter of diesel consumed emits approximately 2.6 kg of CO 2 (Grace et al 2003). Besides, the LLL technology saves irrigation water and increases productivity (Ali et al 2018).…”

Section: Laser Land Levelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct seeding of rice (DSR) saves water and helps adapt to water-stress conditions (Pathak et al 2013) Reduce methane emission (Pathak et al 2013) Synergy ZT with residue management help adapt rainfall variability (Aryal et al 2016a, b) Increased soil carbon in the soil (Dixon 1995) Synergy ZT help adapt water stress (Grace et al 2003(Grace et al , 2012 Reduced GHG emission (Grace et al 2003(Grace et al , 2012 Synergy Water management Laser land leveling (LLL) helps adapt to water stress especially due to rapidly declining groundwater (Aryal et al 2015a;Jat et al 2015) Reduce emission through reduced use of energy used for irrigation (Aryal et al 2015a;Gill 2014) Synergy Expansion of irrigation helps adapt to rainfall variability (Rothausen and Conway 2011) Expansion of irrigation may increase GHG emission due to increased energy use for irrigation (Rothausen and Conway 2011) Trade-offs Agroforestry Adapt to climate risks such as extreme rainfall, reduce soil erosion, and enhance food security (Sathaye and Ravindranath 1998;Makundi and Sathaye 2004;Feliciano et al 2018) Carbon sequestration the form of biomass above and below ground (Sathaye and Ravindranath 1998;Makundi and Sathaye 2004;Felici...…”

Section: Synergymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate change mitigation options among farmers in South Asia

Aryal

Rahut

Sapkota

et al. 2019

Environ Dev Sustain

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Agriculture in South Asia is highly vulnerable to climate change due to increasing variability in rainfall and rising temperatures leading to the incidence of extreme climatic events such as floods, droughts, heat/cold waves, and storms. Agriculture sector also contributes to the causes of climate change through the emission of greenhouse gasses (GHGs). Hence, adaptation-led mitigation measures are required to sustain agricultural productivity, farm income and reduce GHG emissions wherever possible. This study presents a systematic review of agriculture emission reduction opportunities with a particular focus on agricultural production systems in South Asia. Our review indicates that the adoption of better soil, water, nutrient management practices, and technologies has enormous potential to reduce GHG emissions from agriculture, thereby contributing to the mitigation of climate change. Many existing practices and technologies have the potential to improve both adaptation and mitigation in agriculture which can significantly contribute to complying with nationally determined contributions (NDCs) of South Asian countries. However, barriers to the adoption of GHG mitigating agricultural practices, mainly the financial and institutional barriers, need to be appropriately addressed to achieve the desired level of mitigation.

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Section: Conservation Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conservation Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laser Land Levelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synergymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate change mitigation options among farmers in South Asia

Aryal

Rahut

Sapkota

et al. 2019

Environ Dev Sustain

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Emission of CO 2 and NOx can be decreased by adopting reduced tillage and residue management (Lumpkin and Sayre, 2009) and nitrous oxide gas emission is greatly reduced in residue retained rice field (Bhattacharyya et al 2012). Grace et al (2003) reported the reduction of methane gas emission by adopting water and fertilizer management with selection of cultivars emits less methane. Singh and Sharma, (2005) showed up to 70 kg ha -1 yr -1 CO 2 emission from rice-wheat field to environment has reduced by adopting zero tillage in place of conventional tillage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in Rice-Wheat System under Conservation and Conventional Agriculture in Western Chitwan, Nepal

Paudel¹,

Sah²,

McDonald³

et al. 2014

WJAR

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Soil organic carbon plays the crucial role in maintaining soil quality. The impact and rate of SOC sequestration in CA and conventional agriculture is still in investigation in this environment. A field experiment was initiated in 2011/12 and continued up to 2012/13 to compare the organic carbon buildup in the soil due to conservation and conventional agriculture. The soil organic carbon data represents the cumulative after five crop cycle. The treatments consisted conventionally tilled direct seeded rice followed by zero tilled wheat, conventionally tilled transplanted rice followed by conventionally tilled wheat, zero tilled direct seeded rice followed by zero tilled direct seeded wheat without residue retention, zero tilled direct seeded rice followed by direct seeded wheat with residue retention, permanent raised bed of rice followed by wheat without residue retention and permanent raised bed of rice followed by wheat with residue retention in randomized complete block design with three replications. About 4 t ha-1 of standing rice and wheat crop and about 70% residue of moongbean was retained for succeeding crop in retained treatments. Soil samples from each treatments were collected from two soil depths (0-20 and 20-40cm) and analyzed. Result showed that, soil organic carbon buildup was affected significantly by tillage and residue level in upper depth of 0-20 cm but not in lower depth of 20-40 cm. Higher SOC content of 19.44 g kg-1 of soil was found in zero tilled residue retained plots followed by 18.53 g kg-1 in permanently raised bed with residue retained plots. Whereas, the lowest level of SOC content of 15.86 g kg-1 of soil were found in puddled transplanted rice followed by wheat planted under conventionally tilled plots. Zero tilled residue retained plots sequestrated 0.91 g kg-1 yr-1 SOC in the year 2012/13 which was 22.63% higher over the conventionally tilled residue removed plots after five seasons of experimentation. Therefore, CA in rice-wheat system can help directly in building-up of soil organic carbon and improve the fertility status of soil.

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