Long‐Term Studies on Maternal Immunity for Aujeszky's Disease and Classical Swine Fever in Wild Boar Piglets

Müller, Thomas; Teuffert, Jürgen; Staubach, Christoph; Selhorst, Thomas; Depner, Klaus

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00896.x

Cited by 31 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, we also found high antibody prevalence in piglets. The PrV antibody in piglets should be linked to passive antibody transfer because prevalence decreases during the first year of life, reflecting the natural halflife of maternal antibodies, which can be detected for up to 27 wk postpartum (Mü ller et al 2005;Czaplicki et al 2006). The molecular studies revealed that 50% of PrV-antibody-positive piglets were also PCR and IHC positive, demonstrating active infection that is likely attributed to vertical transmission of virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SEROLOGIC, MOLECULAR, AND PATHOLOGIC SURVEY OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS INFECTION IN HUNTED WILD BOARS (SUS SCROFA) IN ITALY

Verin

Varuzza

Mazzei

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:To investigate pseudorabies-virus (PrV) -antibody and viral-DNA prevalence, we collected blood, nasal and genital swabs, and tonsillar and lymph-node tissue samples from 139 wild boars (Sus scrofa; 39 piglets, 30 juveniles, and 70 adults), during the hunting season of 2010-2011 in Tuscany, Central Italy. We performed immunohistochemistry with anti-PrV monoclonal antibodies on selected tissue samples. Forty-three of 139 (30.9%) boars were PrV-antibody positive and a 1,954-base-pair PrV-specific product was amplified from nine nasal (6.5%) and 26 genital (18.7%) swabs. Sequence analysis of PrV-positive PCR products revealed identity scores of 99-100% with Suid herpesvirus 1 strain Becker (JF797219) and confirmed the identification of PrV DNA in tested swabs. There was significantly higher antibody prevalence in adults than in juveniles and in piglets than in juveniles. The prevalence of viral DNA was significantly higher in genital swabs than in nasal specimens. The percentage of positive nasal swabs did not differ among age classes. Piglets had a higher percentage of PCR-positive genital swabs than juvenile and adult subjects (30.8% vs. 13.3% and 14.3%, respectively). Results confirmed that PrV infection is widespread in the wild boar population in the study area. The presence of anti-PrV antibodies and of the PrV virus in piglets could be related to vertical transmission of the virus. This hypothesis was also supported by a higher presence of viral genome in genital swabs than in nasal swabs. This field study supports the importance of vertical transmission of PrV, and the high prevalence of virus in genital swabs supports venereal transmission in adult feral boars.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of this low prevalence in juveniles, it has been proposed, and is reasonable to believe, that PrV may be transmitted in these younger animals after the start of the breeding season (Mü ller et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SEROLOGIC, MOLECULAR, AND PATHOLOGIC SURVEY OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS INFECTION IN HUNTED WILD BOARS (SUS SCROFA) IN ITALY

Verin

Varuzza

Mazzei

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…With CSF they can reduce the clinical signs while viremia may still occur . MDAs usually have disappeared within 3 months of birth (Kaden and Lange, 2004a;Soos et al,2001) but low levels of MDAs have been also detected for longer periods (Depner et al, 1995a, Müller et al, 2005. Wild boar piglets, before the age of 3 months do not consume the vaccine baits (Brauer et al, 2006).…”

Section: -140mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The half-life of maternal antibodies against several viruses in nonviraemic healthy piglets can vary from approximately 8 days, found for CSF (Vandeputte et al, 2001), 12 days for swine influenza (Loeffen et al, 2003), 3 weeks for porcine parvo and foot-and-mouth disease (Francis and Black, 1984;Fenati et al, 2008), or more than 8 weeks for Aujeszky"s disease depending on the level of maternal antibodies in the colostrums (Bouma et al, 1997). According to Kaden and Lange (2004) and Müller et al (2005), the maternal derived antibodies were not detectable after three months after experimental oral immunisation of young female wild boars suggesting a quite high half life value. Half life values of maternal antibodies seem to be determined mainly by the increase in blood volume anyway (Francis and Black, 1984).…”

Section: Antibody Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control and eradication of Classic Swine Fever in wild boar

2009

EFSA Journal

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SummaryClassical swine fever (CSF) is a disease that has been causing major socio-economic damages in the EU during the last decades. Although considerable progress has been made in the eradication and prevention of the disease, the threat for an epidemic still exists.The virus is endemic in the wild boar population of several member states (MS). Wild boar cannot be managed as domestic pigs. Hunting and vaccination have been tentatively used in order to stop transmission by reducing the number of susceptibles. Oral vaccination of wild boar with modified live vaccine based on the C-strain (the only suitable) is used; this vaccine does not allow serological differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals.The aim of the control measures for CSF in wild boar is to reduce the risk of transmission to domestic pigs, to prevent an "endemic phase evolution" or to reduce the endemic phase duration.In order to support and to improve the control and eradication measures as regards CSF in wild boar, EFSA was requested by the Commission to provide scientific advice on the efficacy of the available surveillance, hunting and vaccination measures to control and eradicate CSF in feral pig populations (wild boar), considering the possible use of new diagnostic tests and vaccines.In order to reply to the mandate data were collected from MS through two questionnaires (CSF vaccines, hunting practices and CSF vaccination in wild boar). Data were also extracted from the EU CSF wild boar data base, after requesting permission from the participating MS.Considering that the data received were rather limited and not comparable, the WG decided to use a model in order to fill the gaps in the available knowledge. For the evaluation of the efficacy of CSF control in wild boar a continuous metapopulation compartmental model developed in an EU research project (FP6-5015599-CSFVACCINE&WILDBOAR) was applied.Although the disease manifests in the same manner in both domestic pig and wild boar it is more difficult to identify in wild boar because clinical monitoring of these is hardly possible. Wild boar found dead constitutes the main alert sign of CSF. Hunters and gamekeepers should be instructed to report the finding of each dead wild boar to the competent authority at all times. In case of high-risk situations, a passive surveillance should be complemented by an active serological surveillance. The active sampling of wild boar is not as efficient as in domestic pigs considering that hunting is the sole practical system to obtain samples and that the aim of hunting is quite different.Consequently, the sample size is not controlled by authorities and fits rarely the aim of the survey in terms of detecting the presence of disease at a certain level. In addition, the interpretation of serological results is confounded by maternal derived antibodies (until the 6th month of age), vaccination and the sampling quality.There is no definition at EU level of spatial and temporal units for surveillance, neither for criteria defining a disease free wi...

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“…the presence of virus of reduced virulence, a young and highly susceptible population, partial protection of wild boar after oral vaccination etc. Especially young wild boar £6-month-old, so-called gruntlings, may take part in the virus perpetuation (Kaden et al, 1999Kern et al, 1999;Depner et al, 2000;Kaden and Lange, 2004;Mu¨ller et al, 2005). So far, seroprevalence rates of young animals always remained significantly lower than in older age classes (Kaden et al, , 2003aKern and Lahrmann, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Protection of Gruntlings against Classical Swine Fever Virus‐Infection after Oral Vaccination of Sows with C‐strain Vaccine

Kaden

Lange

Müller³

et al. 2006

Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B

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The objective of this study was to investigate the maternal protection of gruntlings derived from wild sows vaccinated orally against classical swine fever (CSF) using C-strain vaccine. Three vaccinated sows and one unvaccinated control sow were included. Challenge infection of the progeny was carried out either intranasally or by contact at the beginning of the third month of life (61-65 days post-natum). Whereas, two of three litters had maternal antibodies, the progeny of one vaccinated sow was seronegative at challenge. The progeny of the control sow, which was challenged by contact infection, developed moderate clinical signs except for one animal which became ill and died. Two gruntlings derived from the vaccinated sows also died of CSF, although one of them had a relatively high maternal antibody titre (128 ND(50)). The transient infection and partial virus shedding observed in a small number of gruntlings with maternal antibodies and the fact that one animal with maternal antibodies became ill and died confirm the incomplete maternal protection at this age. The reason for this incomplete protection is discussed. As none of the surviving gruntlings could be shown to carry CSFV or viral RNA at the end of the experiment (36 or 70 d.p.i.), it may be concluded that these animals do not represent a potential CSFV reservoir.

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Long‐Term Studies on Maternal Immunity for Aujeszky's Disease and Classical Swine Fever in Wild Boar Piglets

Cited by 31 publications

References 18 publications

SEROLOGIC, MOLECULAR, AND PATHOLOGIC SURVEY OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS INFECTION IN HUNTED WILD BOARS (SUS SCROFA) IN ITALY

SEROLOGIC, MOLECULAR, AND PATHOLOGIC SURVEY OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS INFECTION IN HUNTED WILD BOARS (SUS SCROFA) IN ITALY

Control and eradication of Classic Swine Fever in wild boar

Protection of Gruntlings against Classical Swine Fever Virus‐Infection after Oral Vaccination of Sows with C‐strain Vaccine

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