Long-Term Studies of Fungicide Concentrations in Greenhouses. 1. Technique for Determining Surficial Foliar Residues of Fungicides with Vinclozolin and Triadimefon as Model Compounds

Long-Term Studies of Fungicide Concentrations in Greenhouses. 3. Exposure Risks after Spraying in Greenhouses

“…The amounts of vinclozolin found were corrected for extraction losses with the recovery value obtained. The detection limit concerning vinclozolin for the analytical method (20 µL injection volume) is 0.3 mg/mL, calculated as 3 times the noise (Papantoni et al, 1995), which gives a detection limit for the dosimetry matrix of 0.2 µg per body part sampled.…”

“…The overalls were cut in pieces as shown in Figure 1. The pieces were placed in glass jars, and 1-chlorobutane (500-700 mL), enough to cover the cloth, was added and the sample ultrasonicated for 2 h. Then the 1-chlorobutane solution was decanted and evaporated to 10 mL before final analysis with HPLC as previously described (Papantoni et al, 1995). The total volume of 1-chlorobutane and the volume of the decanted 1-chlorobutane solution were measured, allowing the entire amount of fungicide on the cloth pieces to be calculated.…”

Long-Term Studies of Fungicide Concentrations in Greenhouses. 2. Fungicide Concentrations in Air and on Leaves after Different Exposure Times and under Different Climate Conditions

“…The influence of climate factors on the decay rate was studied in climate chambers. Analysis was performed according to the methods previously developed (Papantoni et al, 1995).…”

“…Surface sampling was performed as described previously (Papantoni et al, 1995). The leaf was placed on the sampling device, the cylinder equiped with an O-ring was placed on the leaf, ethanol was added through the cylinder opening, and after 20 s the ethanol solution containing the dissolved fungicide was swept up with a piece of cloth.…”

“…The leaf was placed on the sampling device, the cylinder equiped with an O-ring was placed on the leaf, ethanol was added through the cylinder opening, and after 20 s the ethanol solution containing the dissolved fungicide was swept up with a piece of cloth. As described in Papantoni et al (1995), when using ethanol the extraction time of 20 s is sufficient to dissolve the fungicide from the leaf surface and we assume that the risk of extracting it from the interior of the leaf is negligible. Thus, the risk for overestimating the amount of fungicide accessible for dermal exposure is judged to be small.…”